scholarly journals Expression Analysis of the PITX2 Gene and Associations between Its Polymorphisms and Body Size and Carcass Traits in Chickens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyue Cao ◽  
Xinyang Dong ◽  
Haiguang Mao ◽  
Ningying Xu ◽  
Zhaozheng Yin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Pitx2 Gene ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Wuliang Mountain

PITX2 is expressed in and plays an important role in myocytes of mice, and it has effects on late myogenic differentiation in chickens. However, the expression profile and polymorphisms of PITX2 remain unclear in chickens. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to detect its expression and investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within its exons and then to evaluate whether these polymorphisms affect body size as well as carcass traits in chickens. The expression analysis showed that the expression level of chicken PITX2 mRNA in the leg muscle and hypophysis was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those in other tissues. The results of polymorphisms analysis identified two SNPs (i.e., g.9830C > T and g.10073C > T) in exon 1 and 10 SNPs (i.e., g.12713C > T, g.12755C > T, g.12938G > A, g. 3164C > T, g.13019G > A, g.13079G > A, g.13285G > A, g.13335G > A, g.13726A > G and g.13856C > T) in exon 3, including four novel SNPs (i.e., g.9830C > T, g.12713C > T, g.12938G > A and g.13856C > T). In the loci of g.10073C > T and g.12713C > T, chickens with the CT genotype had the highest (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) breast depth and breast angle, respectively. For the locus of g.13335G > A, chickens with the GG genotype had the highest (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) breast angle and shank circumference. For the locus of g.13726A > G, chickens with the GG genotype had the highest breast width, fossil keel bone length and shank circumference. The locus of g.12713A > G had significant effects on the PITX2 mRNA expression level in leg muscle. The H1H7 diplotype showed the highest shank circumference, and the H2H8 diplotype showed the highest breast muscle rate. The present research suggested that polymorphisms of the exons of the PITX2 gene were significantly associated with the body size and carcass traits of Wuliang Mountain Black-bone chickens and the PITX2 gene could be a potential candidate gene for molecular marker-aided selection in Wuliang Mountain Black-bone chickens and other chicken breeds.

​Comparative Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Jamunapari, Barbari and their Crossbred under Stall Fed Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Singh ◽  
Ravindra Kumar ◽  
Ravi Ranjan ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Akhilesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Indigenous Goat ◽  
Carcass Performance ◽  
Livestock Development

Background: Large variation for body size and weight exist among indigenous goat breeds. Many livestock development agencies recommending crossbreeding of large size goats with small and medium sizes to increase the body size, growth rate, dressing weight and dressing percentage of progeny without being systemic data and combining ability among breeds used. In view of above crossbreeding experiment was conducted by crossing Jamunapari male with Barbari female. Methods: Ten Barbari females were crossed with medium size two Jamunapari male. The crossbred males (07) were kept under stall feeding on high input diet along with Barbari and Jamunapari pure-bred males at weaning. The growth (body weight and average daily weight gains) were studied up to 9 months of age. The animals were slaughtered at 9 months and carcass traits (dressing weight and percentage) were studied. Result: Pre-weaning growth (0-3m) was statistically similar (P greater than 0.05) in all the group of goats. However different trend was obtained in post weaning growth stage, ADG being significantly (P less than 0.05) more in Jamunapari breed (94.10g) as compared to Barbari (73.43g) and crossbred goats (74.24g). The dressing (%) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in Jamunapari goats (47.28) as compared to Barbari (40.47) and crossbred (40.44). The carcass results revealed that growth and carcass performance was highest in Jamunapari kids and significantly different from pure bred Barbari and crossbred kids. However, Carcass traits (Carcass weight and Dressing percent) performances were not significantly different in between Barbari and Jamunapari x Barbari crossbred kids. Thus, crossing of Jamunapari with Barbari breed is not being suggested to increase body weight and carcass attributes of crossbreed progeny.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary L-Methionine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Plasma Parameters of Starter Pekin Ducks at Different Dietary Energy Levels

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Yongbao Wu ◽  
Jing Tang ◽  
Junting Cao ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Leg Muscle

A 2 × 6 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influences of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and methionine (Met) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and plasma biochemical parameters of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 600 one-day-old male Pekin ducklings were randomly assigned to 12 groups (six replicates each group and eight ducks per replicate) in a 2 × 6 two-factor arrangement. The basal Met levels of two basal diets (11.54 and 12.52 MJ/kg ME) were 0.31 and 0.29%, respectively. The crystalline L-Met was supplemented to yield six diets according to different supplemental levels (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG) were increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary Met levels. Dietary ME levels changed from 11.54 to 12.52 MJ/kg increased the BW and ADG (p < 0.05) as well as decreased the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05). As the dietary Met level increased, leg muscle yield increased (p < 0.05). Conversely, increasing the dietary ME level decreased the leg muscle yield (p = 0.0024) and increased abdominal fat (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TCHO), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) in plasma were decreased (p < 0.05) when the ME levels of diets changed from 11.54 to 12.52 MJ/kg. Meanwhile, the plasma TCHO and HDLC concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) as dietary Met levels increased. Based on the linear-broken line model, the dietary Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age for optimal ADG were 0.362% (0.052% supplemental L-Met) at 11.54 MJ ME/kg and 0.468% (0.178% supplemental L-Met) at 12.52 MJ ME/kg, respectively, when crystal L-Met was supplemented to formulate the diets. This suggested that the Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks was affected by dietary ME levels. The data potentially provide theoretical support for the utilization of crystalline L-Met in duck production.

The Body Size of Headstarted and Wild Juvenile European Pond Turtles (Emys orbicularis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Sławomir Mitrus ◽  
Bartłomiej Najbar ◽  
Adam Kotowicz ◽  
Anna Najbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

CHARACTERISTICS OF POST-FLIGHT MUSCLE STRENGTH AND VELOCITY DYNAMICS IN COSMONAUTS AS A FUNCTION OF WEIGHT LOADING DURING LONG-TERM SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
E.V. Fomina ◽  
◽  
T.B. Kukoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Training Device ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Weight Loading

Testing of 25 cosmonauts showed that the amount of resistance training weight loading in long-term space mission influences dynamics of the leg-muscle strength and velocity recovery. On Earth, the loads equal from 70 to 130 % of the body mass is sufficient for keeping up endurance and maximum strength moments of shin and thigh muscles. In the group of cosmonauts who had not used the strength training device or chosen loads less than 30 % of the body mass the leg-muscle maximum strength and thigh endurance were decreased substantially on day 4 of return and all the more by day 15 back on Earth.

scholarly journals First record of Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Marciszak ◽  
Yuriy Semenov ◽  
Piotr Portnicki ◽  
Tamara Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
South Eastern

AbstractCranial material ofPachycrocuta brevirostrisfrom the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk is the first record of this species in Ukraine. This large hyena was a representative of the Tamanian faunal complex and a single specialised scavenger in these faunas. The revisited European records list ofP.brevirostrisdocumented the presence of this species in 101 sites, dated in the range of 3.5–0.4 Ma. This species first disappeared in Africa, survived in Europe until ca. 0.8–0.7 Ma, and its last, relict occurrence was known from south-eastern Asia. The main reason of extinction ofP.brevirostrisprobably was the competition withCrocuta crocuta. The cave hyena was smaller, but its teeth were proportionally larger to the body size, better adapted to crushing bones and slicing meat, and could also hunt united in larger groups.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

scholarly journals Potential host ranges of three Asian larval parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent M. Daane ◽  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Brian N. Hogg ◽  
Antonio Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Female Body Size

AbstractAsobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are Asian larval parasitoids of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). This study evaluated these parasitoids’ capacity to attack and develop from 24 non-target drosophilid species. Results showed that all three parasitoids were able to parasitize host larvae of multiple non-target species in artificial diet; A. japonica developed from 19 tested host species, regardless of the phylogenetic position of the host species, L. japonica developed from 11 tested species; and G. brasiliensis developed from only four of the exposed species. Success rate of parasitism (i.e., the probability that an adult wasp successfully emerged from a parasitized host) by the two figitid parasitoids was low in hosts other than the three species in the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. suzukii). The failure of the figitids to develop in most of the tested host species appears to correspond with more frequent encapsulation of the parasitoids by the hosts. The results indicate that G. brasiliensis is the most host specific to D. suzukii, L. japonica attacks mainly species in the melanogaster group and A. japonica is a generalist, at least physiologically. Overall, the developmental time of the parasitoids increased with the host’s developmental time. The body size of female A. japonica (as a model species) was positively related to host size, and mature egg load of female wasps increased with female body size. We discuss the use of these parasitoids for classical biological control of D. suzukii.

Prey Body Size and Ranking in Zooarchaeology: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Applications from the Northern Great Basin

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Broughton ◽  
Michael D. Cannon ◽  
Frank E. Bayham ◽  
David A. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Foraging Theory ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Abundance Indices ◽  
Game Hunting

The use of body size as an index of prey rank in zooarchaeology has fostered a widely applied approach to understanding variability in foraging efficiency. This approach has, however, been critiqued—most recently by the suggestion that large prey have high probabilities of failed pursuits. Here, we clarify the logic and history of using body size as a measure of prey rank and summarize empirical data on the body size-return rate relationship. With few exceptions, these data document strong positive relationships between prey size and return rate. We then illustrate, with studies from the Great Basin, the utility of body size-based abundance indices (e.g., the Artiodactyl Index) when used as one component of multidimensional analyses of prehistoric diet breadth. We use foraging theory to derive predictions about Holocene variability in diet breadth and test those predictions using the Artiodactyl Index and over a dozen other archaeological indices. The results indicate close fits between the predictions and the data and thus support the use of body size-based abundance indices as measures of foraging efficiency. These conclusions have implications for reconstructions of Holocene trends in large game hunting in western North America and for zooarchaeological applications of foraging theory in general.

Annual variations in body-size spectra of planktonic ciliate communities and their relationships to environmental conditions: a case study in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henglong Xu ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Mingzhuang Zhu ◽  
Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Jiaozhou Bay ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Planktonic Ciliate

The annual variations in body-size spectra of planktonic ciliate communities and their relationships to environmental conditions were studied based on a 12-month dataset (June 2007 to May 2008) from Jiaozhou Bay on the Yellow Sea coast of northern China. Based on the dataset, the body sizes of the ciliates, expressed as equivalent spherical diameters, included five ranks: S1 (5–35 μm); S2 (35–55 μm); S3 (55–75 μm); S4 (75–100 μm); and S5 (100–350 μm). These body-size ranks showed a clear temporal succession of dominance in the order of S2 (January–April) → S1 (May–July) → S4 (August–September) → S3 (October–December). Multivariate analyses showed that the temporal variations in their body-size patterns were significantly correlated with changes in environmental conditions, especially water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and nutrients. In terms of abundance, rank S2 was significantly correlated with water temperature, DO and nutrients, whereas ranks S4 and S5 were correlated with the salinity and nutrients respectively (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the body-size patterns of planktonic ciliate communities showed a clear temporal pattern during an annual cycle and significantly associated with environmental conditions in marine ecosystems.

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