Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 seconds. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. Results: The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candida albicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candida albicans (FICI = 0.45). Conclusions: The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.

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Antimicrobial activity of propolis agents on some pathogenic microbes

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.7.1.269-276 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 269-276

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Alcohol Concentration ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Pathogenic Microbes ◽

Method Of Extraction

The study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of propolis obtained from different regions of Iraq compared with that of propolis obtained from Iran. Samples were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschericha coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans using standard antimicrobial assays. Marked variations in the antimicrobial activity of the different propolis samples were observed, the method of extraction selected gives the highest antimicrobial activity and the best alcohol concentration using in the extraction of propolis , then the crude extract of propolis showed synergistic effect with some antibiotics in inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms.

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ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA LEAVES AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, CANDIDA ALBICANS - AN INVITRO STUDY.

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/9418 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 742-748

Author(s):

Bhavya Shetty ◽

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Moringa Oleifera

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The In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Quercus robur L. Methanolic and Aqueous Leaves’ Extracts, from the Algerian High Plateaus Against some Uropathogenic Microbial Strains

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2019-0133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 262-274

Author(s):

E. Benyagoub ◽

N. Nabbou ◽

S. Boukhalkhel ◽

I. Dehini

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Fusidic Acid ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Microbial Strains

The medicinal value of the plants is due to their chemical components that bring a definite physiological action on the human body to prevent the diseases. In this work, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of leaves’ extracts of Quercus robur L., collected from the Algerian upper highlands, on ten bacterial strains and one fungal strain known to be pathogenic. First, we performed a qualitative phytochemical analysis, and second, antimicrobial activity tests performed by agar diffusion method (disc and well) with the determination of MIC by broth macro-dilution method. Given the results, it appears that obtained macerates of Quercus robur L. were rich in bioactive phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, and other components. The yield of aqueous and methanolic macerates of leaves was 8.5 ± 1.41 and 22.4 ± 4.36%, respectively. The bacterial resistance was relatively important to several antibiotics, namely, ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid for strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. However, Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, and oxacillin; while Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, oxacillin, and ticarcillin. The antibacterial activity of the macerates toward tested microbial strains showed that the aqueous and methanolic macerates of the leaves were proportional to the tested concentration and active not only against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also on the fungal species Candida albicans. The estimated MIC for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus was in the order of 10 mg/mL, which seems more effective than toward Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans which were in the order of 30 mg/mL. These preliminary results confirm that the part of the studied plant had a very good antimicrobial activity that was proportional to the serial concentrations of the tested extracts.

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In vitro antimicrobial activity of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and calcium-enriched mixture cement against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans using the agar diffusion technique

Dental Research Journal ◽

10.4103/1735-3327.310032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

MaryamZare Jahromi ◽

Parinaz Esteki ◽

Arezoo Tahmourespour

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Technique

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Antimicrobial Activity of N,N'-bis(decylmethyl)- α,ω-alkanediamine Dioxides [1]

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1983-1-227 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 38 (1-2) ◽

pp. 151-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ferdinand Devínsky ◽

Ivan Lacko ◽

Ludovít Krasnec ◽

Dušan Mlynarčík

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration

Antimicrobial activity of N,N′-bis(decylmethyl)-α,ω-alkanediamine dioxides determined on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans is presented as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The effect of the length of linking alkylene chain on this activity has been followed.

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Antimicrobial activity of intracanal medications against both Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm

Microscopy Research and Technique ◽

10.1002/jemt.23192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 494-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafaela Fernandes Zancan ◽

Pedro Henrique Souza Calefi ◽

Mariana Maciel Batista Borges ◽

Marcelo Ribeiro Milanda Lopes ◽

Flaviana Bombarda Andrade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effect of Spices against Few Selected Pathogens

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26573 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 10-18

Author(s):

Renuka Maharjan ◽

Saru Thapa ◽

Amrit Acharya

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Mic Value

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of spices along with determination of its synergistic effect against few selected pathogens. Methods: In this study, ethanolic extract of 5 different spices; Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Capsicum annum (Chili) and Allium cepa (Onion) were obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract was concentrated by evaporation and different concentrations of extract were prepared in Dimethy Sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent. Test organisms included mainly pathogens i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by well diffusion technique both individually and in combination. On the other hand, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by serial dilution technique. The result were interpreted on the basis of the fact that the growth occurs in positive control and other tubes with inadequate amount of extract whereas the lowest concentration of agent that inhibits growth of organism, detected by lack of visible turbidity by inhibition of 99% is designed as the MIC. The MBC is identified by determining the lowest concentration of extract solution that reduces the viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by a predetermined reduction such as ≥99.9%. Likewise, for determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI), two extracts were combined along with standardized inoculum of bacterial strain. Tubes without visible turbidity were streaked on agar plate and observed for 99.9% killing. Results: All the tested extract of spices were found effective against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae only. The highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found in chili extract (ZOI=26 mm) against S. aureus whereas lowest zone of inhibition was found in garlic extract against K. pneumoniae (ZOI=12mm). Similarly, highest ZOI was produced by combined extract of both Turmeric and Ginger (ZOI= 26 mm). Turmeric extract was found to be effective against S. aureus (MIC value = 62.5 mg /ml and MBC value = 31.25 mg/ml) and K. pneumoniae (MIC value 125 mg/ml and MBC value = 62.5 mg/ml). The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) values of combined extract suggested synergistic and additive effect (0.5<FIC<1). Chili and ginger were effective with FIC value of 0.25. Conclusion: To recapitulate, the extract of spices can be used to prevent the pathogenic organism.

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Antibacterial and anti-adherence effects of a plant extract mixture (PEM) and its individual constituent extracts (Psidium sp.,Mangifera sp., andMentha sp.) on single- and dual-species biofilms

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2519 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2519 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Zaleha Shafiei ◽

Zubaidah Haji Abdul Rahim ◽

Koshy Philip ◽

Nalina Thurairajah

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Bacterial Population ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Single Species ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Active Constituents ◽

Microdilution Method

BackgroundPlant extracts mixture (PEM) and its individual constituent plant extracts(Psidiumsp.,Mangiferasp.,Menthasp.) are known to have an anti-adhering effect towards oral bacteria in the single-species biofilm. To date, the adhering ability of the early and late plaque colonisers (Streptococcus sanguinisandStreptococcus mutans) to PEM-treated experimental pellicle have not been investigated in dual-species biofilms.MethodsFresh leaves of these plants were used in the preparation of the respective aqueous extract decoctions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts towardsS. sanguinisATCC BAA-1455 andS. mutansATCC 25175 was determined using a two-fold serial microdilution method. The sum of fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) index of PEM and its constituent plant extracts was calculated using the MIC values of the plants. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts was also determined. The anti-adherence effect of the plant extracts (individually and mixed) was carried out by developing simulatedS. sanguinisandS. mutansrespectively in single- and dual-species of biofilms in the Nordini’s Artificial Mouth (NAM) model system in which the experimental pellicle was pretreated with the plant extract before bacterial inoculation. The bacterial population in the respective biofilms was quantified using ten-fold serial dilutions method and expressed as colony forming unit per ml (CFU/ml). The bacterial population was also viewed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). All experiments were done in triplicate.ResultsThe PEM compared with its respective constituent plants showed the lowest MIC towardsS. sanguinis(3.81 mg/ml) andS. mutans(1.91 mg/ml) and exhibited a synergistic effect. ThePsidiumsp. (15.24 mg/ml) and, PEM andPsidiumsp. (30.48 mg/ml) showed the lowest MBC towardsS. sanguinisandS. mutansrespectively. The anti-adherence effect of the PEM and its respective constituent plants (exceptPsidiumsp.) was different for the two bacteria in the single-species biofilm. In the dual-species biofilms, PEM demonstrated similar anti-adherence effect towardsS. sanguinisandS. mutans. The proportions of the bacterial population viewed under SEM appeared to be in agreement with the quantified population.DiscussionThe combination of the active constituents of the individual plant extracts in PEM may contribute to its low MIC giving rise to the synergistic effect. The different anti-adherence effect towardsS. sanguinisandS. mutansinboth single- and dual-species biofilms could be due to the different proportion of the active constituents of the extracts and the interaction between different bacteria. The better adhering ability ofS. sanguinistowards the PEM-treated pellicle when present together withS. mutansin the dual-species biofilms may suggest the potential of PEM in controlling the balance between the early and late colonisers in biofilms.

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In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Basil (Ocimum baslicum L.) and Coriander (Coriandrum satirum L.) oil extracts on Streptococus mutans

Journal of Research in Dentistry ◽

10.19177/jrd.v5e2201740-45 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mariana Lourenço ◽

Adilson Cesar Abreu Bernardi ◽

Nadia Lunardi ◽

Rodolfo Jorge Boeck Neto ◽

Patricia Sigilló Mazzoni Bernardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Coriandrum Sativum ◽

Microdilution Method

Plant extracts and essential oils show efficiency on growth control in a wide variation of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria. To evaluate antimicrobial activity of plant extracts, determine the lower quantity of substance to inhibit the microorganism test growth is necessary. This value is known as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). This study had as aim to verify the antimicrobial action and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) oil extract before S. mutans (ATCC 25175) strains. Antimicrobial activity determination was carried out by microdilution method and performed according to recommendations of CLSI (previously known as NCCLS), standard M7-A6 (NCCLS, 2003) for bacteria, and standard M27-A2 (NCCLS, 2002). All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Results showed the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination by microdilution method in broth showed Ocimum basilicum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. extract oils presented inhibitory activity before S. mutans strain. Basil in 1:4 concentration is bacteriostatic and in 1:3 concentration is bactericide. Coriander in 1:2 concentration is bacteriostatic and in 1:1 concentration is bactericide. We concluded that basil presented higher inhibitory activity regarding to the coriander. We also observed as bigger the extract dilution, lower their effectivity.o assess the attitude and practice of dental professionals towards using of advance Radiographic technique.

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