High Carriage Rate of the Multiple Resistant Plasmids Harboring Quinolone Resistance Genes in Enterobacter spp. Isolated from Healthy Individuals

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria causing intractable and even fatal infections are a major health concern. Resistant bacteria residing in the intestinal tract of healthy individuals present a silent threat because of frequent transmission via conjugation and transposition. Plasmids harboring quinolone resistance genes are increasingly detected in clinical isolates worldwide. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in Gram-negative bacteria from healthy service trade workers. From 157 rectal swab samples, 125 ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, including 112 Escherichia coli, 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae, two Proteus mirabilis, and one Citrobacter braakii, were isolated. Multiplex PCR screening identified 39 strains harboring the PMQR genes (including 17 qnr,19 aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and 22 oqxA/oqxB). The genome and plasmid sequences of 39 and 31 strains, respectively, were obtained by short- and long-read sequencing. PMQR genes mainly resided in the IncFIB, IncFII, and IncR plasmids, and coexisted with 3–11 other resistance genes. The high PMQR gene carriage rate among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy individuals suggests the high-frequency transmission of these genes via plasmids, along with other resistance genes. Thus, healthy individuals may spread antibiotic-resistant bacterial, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and control of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in healthy individuals.

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High fecal carriage of blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among healthy Korean people in a metagenomic analysis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84974-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jieun Kim ◽

Kye-Yeung Park ◽

Hoon-Ki Park ◽

Hwan-Sik Hwang ◽

Mi-Ran Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Fecal Carriage ◽

Metagenome Sequencing ◽

Tract Infections

AbstractTo characterize the carriage of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome of healthy individuals. Fecal carriage of ARGs was investigated in 61 healthy individuals aged 30 to 59 years through whole metagenome sequencing of the gut microbiome and a targeted metagenomic approach. The number of ARGs in the gut microbiome was counted and normalized per million predicted genes (GPM). In the Korean population, the resistome ranged from 49.7 to 292.5 GPM (median 89.7). Based on the abundance of ARGs, the subjects were categorised into high (> 120 GPM), middle (60‒120 GPM), and low (< 60 GPM) ARG groups. Individuals in the high ARG group tended to visit hospitals more often (P = 0.065), particularly for upper respiratory tract infections (P = 0.066), and carried more blaCTX-M (P = 0.008). The targeted metagenome approach for bla and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes revealed a high fecal carriage rate; 23% or 13.1% of the subjects carried blaCTX-M or blaCMY-2, respectively. Regarding PMQR genes, 59% of the subjects carried PMQR, and 83% of them harboured 2‒4 PMQR genes (qnrB 44.3%, qnrS 47.5% etc.). The presence of blaCTX-M correlated with ARG abundance in the gut resistome, whereas PMQR genes were irrelevant to other ARGs (P = 0.176). Fecal carriage of blaCTX-M and PMQR genes was broad and multiplexed among healthy individuals.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Wild Captured Loggerhead Sea Turtles

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9040162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 162 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Monica Francesca Blasi ◽

Luciana Migliore ◽

Daniela Mattei ◽

Alice Rotini ◽

Maria Cristina Thaller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Sea Turtles ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Marine Habitats ◽

Resistant Strains

Sea turtles have been proposed as health indicators of marine habitats and carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, for their longevity and migratory lifestyle. Up to now, a few studies evaluated the antibacterial resistant flora of Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and most of them were carried out on stranded or recovered animals. In this study, the isolation and the antibiotic resistance profile of 90 Gram negative bacteria from cloacal swabs of 33 Mediterranean wild captured loggerhead sea turtles are described. Among sea turtles found in their foraging sites, 23 were in good health and 10 needed recovery for different health problems (hereafter named weak). Isolated cloacal bacteria belonged mainly to Enterobacteriaceae (59%), Shewanellaceae (31%) and Vibrionaceae families (5%). Although slight differences in the bacterial composition, healthy and weak sea turtles shared antibiotic-resistant strains. In total, 74 strains were endowed with one or multi resistance (up to five different drugs) phenotypes, mainly towards ampicillin (~70%) or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (more than 30%). Hence, our results confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains also in healthy marine animals and the role of the loggerhead sea turtles in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Birds From the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/105.2.358 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 358-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andréa M. A. Nascimento ◽

Luciana Cursino ◽

Higgor Gonçalves-Dornelas ◽

Andrea Reis ◽

Edmar Chartone-Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Kanamycin Resistance ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Resistant Phenotype ◽

Animal Farms

Abstract We evaluated the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from cloacal swabs of wild birds collected with mist nets in the Jequitinhonha river valley, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 191 isolates from 19 individuals of 16 species was obtained and tested for resistance to five antibiotics. At Salto da Divisa 97% of the isolates exhibited a resistant phenotype, and resistance to more than one antibiotic was frequent (71%). At Jequitinhonha 36% of isolates were resistant, but 94% showed resistance to only one antibiotic. Of the five antibiotics tested, resistance to ampicillin was most frequent (in both areas), whereas kanamycin resistance was found in only one isolate. The data here obtained and other data reported in the literature show that the general premise that antibiotic-resistant bacteria arise primarily in hospitals or animal farms should be reconsidered. Bactérias Gram-Negativas Resistentes a Antibióticos em Aves da Mata Atlântica Brasileira Resumo. Avaliamos a resistência a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas por swab cloacal em aves selvagens capturadas com redes de neblina em duas regiões do Vale do Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram obtidos 191 isolados de 19 indivíduos de 16 espécies e foi testada a resistência desses isolados a cinco antibióticos. Em Salto da Divisa, 97% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente e foi freqüente (71%) a resistência a mais de um antibiótico. Em Jequitinhonha, 36% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente, dos quais 94% apresentaram resistência a apenas um antibiótico. Em ambas as áreas, a maioria dos isolados apresentou resistência à ampicilina, enquanto somente um único isolado foi resistente à canamicina. Os dados aqui obtidos e outros relatados na literatura mostram que a premissa geral de que bactérias resistentes a antibióticos surgem principalmente em hospitais ou fazendas de animais deve ser reconsiderada.

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Species Diversity of Environmental GIM-1-Producing Bacteria Collected during a Long-Term Outbreak

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00424-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 3605-3610 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Andreas F. Wendel ◽

Sofija Ressina ◽

Susanne Kolbe-Busch ◽

Klaus Pfeffer ◽

Colin R. MacKenzie

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Environmental Sampling ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTReports of outbreaks concerning carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in which the main source of transmission is the hospital environment are increasing. This study describes the results of environmental sampling in a protracted polyspecies metallo-beta-lactamase GIM-1 outbreak driven by plasmids and bacterial clones ofEnterobacter cloacaeandPseudomonas aeruginosain a tertiary care center. Environmental sampling targeting wet locations (especially sinks) was carried out on a surgical intensive care unit and on a medical ward on several occasions in 2012 and 2013. We were able to demonstrate 43blaGIM-1-carrying bacteria (mainly nonfermenters but alsoEnterobacteriaceae) that were either related or unrelated to clinical strains in 30 sinks and one hair washbasin. GIM-1 was found in 12 different species, some of which are described here as carriers of GIM-1. Forty out of 43 bacteria displayed resistance to carbapenems and, in addition, to various non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Colistin resistance was observed in twoE. cloacaeisolates with MICs above 256 mg/liter. TheblaGIM-1gene was harbored in 12 different class 1 integrons, some without the typical 3′ end. TheblaGIM-1gene was localized on plasmids in five isolates.In vitroplasmid transfer by conjugation was successful in one isolate. The environment, with putatively multispecies biofilms, seems to be an important biological niche for multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Biofilms may serve as a “melting pot” for horizontal gene transfer, for dissemination into new species, and as a reservoir to propagate future hospital outbreaks.IMPORTANCEIn Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to the clinically relevant broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotics is a major public health concern. Major reservoirs for these resistant organisms are not only the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans but also the (hospital) environment. Due to the difficulty in eradicating biofilm formation in the latter, a sustained dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the environment can occur. In addition, horizontal transfer of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements within biofilms adds to the total “resistance gene pool” in the environment. To gain insight into the transmission pathways of a rare and locally restricted carbapenemases resistance gene (blaGIM-1), we analyzed the genetic background of theblaGIM-1gene in environmental bacteria during a long-term polyspecies outbreak in a German hospital.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Surgical Patients: a Silently Emerging Public Health Concern in Benin.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-65379/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carine Laurence YEHOUENOU ◽

Arsène A. KPANGON ◽

Dissou AFFOLABI ◽

Hector RODRIGUEZ-VILLALOBOS ◽

Françoise Van Bambeke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Surgery ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Strict Adherence ◽

Gram Negative

Abstract Background: Surgical site infections are related to high morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. As the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens in hospitals is becoming a worldwide challenge for surgeons who treat healthcare-associated infections, we wished to identify the causative agents involved in surgical site infections and their susceptibility pattern in six public hospitals in Benin. Methods: Using standard microbiological procedures, we processed pus specimens collected from obstetrics and gastrointestinal surgery wards. Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) was used for confirmation. The antibiotic susceptibility test firstly used the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The secondary test by microdilution used the Beckton Dickinson Phoenix automated system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic, USA). Results: We included 304 patients (mean age 32 ± 11 years), whose median length of stay was 9 days. A total of 259 wound swabs (85.2%) had positive aerobic bacterial growth. In obstetrics S. aureus (28.5%, n=42) was the most common isolate. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant in gastrointestinal surgery. The most dominant being E.coli (38.4%, n=31). Overall, 90.8% (n=208) of aerobic bacteria were multidrug resistant. Two-third of S. aureus (65.3%, n= 32) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), three of which carried both MRSA and induced clindamycin resistance (ICR). GNB showed high resistance to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and cefepime. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were presented by 69.4% of E.coli (n=43/62) and 83.3% of K. pneumoniae (n=25/30). Overall, twelve Gram negative bacteria (5.24%) isolates showed resistance to at least one carbapenem. No isolates showed a wild-type susceptible phenotype.Conclusion: This study shows the alarming prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms from surgical site infections in Benin hospitals. To reduce the spread of these multidrug-resistant bacteria, periodic surveillance of surgical site infections and strict adherence to good hand-hygiene practice are essential.

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High incidence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes among antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from patients of the Lithuanian National Cancer Center

Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1080/23744235.2019.1591637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 471-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monika Miškinytė ◽

Raminta Juškaitė ◽

Jūratė Skerniškytė ◽

Vida Voldemarienė ◽

Konstantinas P. Valuckas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Cancer Center ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

High Incidence

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Investigation of urban birds as source of β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Marseille city, France

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-019-0486-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edgarthe Priscilla Ngaiganam ◽

Isabelle Pagnier ◽

Wafaa Chaalal ◽

Thongpan Leangapichart ◽

Selma Chabou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Urban Birds ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Stool Samples

Abstract Background We investigate here the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from stool samples of yellow-legged gulls and chickens (n = 136) in urban parks and beaches of Marseille, France. Bacterial isolation was performed on selective media, including MacConkey agar with ceftriaxone and LBJMR medium. Antibiotic resistance genes, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (i.e. blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV), carbapenemases (blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-58) and colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 to mcr-5) were screened by real-time PCR and standard PCR and sequenced when found. Results Of the 136 stools samples collected, seven ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) and 12 colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Among them, five ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and eight colistin-resistant Hafnia alvei strains were identified. Four blaTEM-1 genes were detected in yellow-legged gulls and chickens. Three CTX-M-15 genes were detected in yellow-legged gulls and pigeons, and one CTX-M-1 in a yellow-legged gull. No mcr-1 to mcr-5 gene were detected in colistin-resistant isolates. Genotyping of E. coli strains revealed four different sequence types already described in humans and animals and one new sequence type. Conclusions Urban birds, which are believed to have no contact with antibiotics appear as potential source of ESBL genes. Our findings highlight the important role of urban birds in the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria and also the possible zoonotic transmission of such bacteria from wild birds to humans.

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Synergism between Outer Membrane Proteins and Antimicrobials

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01786-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 2206-2211 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Veiga-Crespo ◽

E. Fusté ◽

T. Vinuesa ◽

M. Viñas ◽

T. G. Villa

Keyword(s):

Outer Membrane ◽

Outer Membrane Proteins ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Logarithmic Phase ◽

Permeability Barrier ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative

ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the most important problems in health care because of the number of resistant strains and the paucity of new effective antimicrobials. Since antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to increase, it is necessary to look for new alternative strategies to fight against them. It is generally accepted that Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically less susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials. The main reason is that Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a permeability barrier known as the outer membrane (OM). Hydrophilic solutes most often cross the OM through water-filled channels formed by a particular family of proteins known as porins. This work explores the possibility of using exogenous porins to lower the required amounts of antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Porins had a bactericidal effect onEscherichia colicultures, mainly in the logarithmic phase of growth, when combined with low antibiotic concentrations. The use of different antibiotic-porin mixtures showed a bactericidal effect greater than those of antibiotics and porins when used separately. It was possible to observe different behaviors according to the antibiotic type used.

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Lysophosphatidylcholine Potentiates Antibacterial Activity of Polymyxin B

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01337-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Jitender Yadav ◽

Sana Ismaeel ◽

Ayub Qadri

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Membrane ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

ABSTRACT Polymyxin B, used to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, produces nephrotoxicity at its current dosage. We show that a combination of nonbactericidal concentration of this drug and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) potently inhibits growth of Salmonella and at least two other Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. This combination makes bacterial membrane porous and causes degradation of DnaK, the regulator of protein folding. Polymyxin B-LPC combination may be an effective and safer regimen against drug-resistant bacteria.

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Detection of NDM-1, VIM-1 and AIM-type metallo-beta-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples in Tamil Nadu

10.1101/2020.11.29.403220 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Prasanth Manohar ◽

Aemy Joseph ◽

B Karthika ◽

Pradeep AnuPriya ◽

Swetha S Mani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tamil Nadu ◽

Health Concern ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Study Region ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Synergy Test

AbstractThe distribution of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has become an increasing public health concern in India. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolated from the clinical samples in Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 126 non-repetitive Gram-negative bacteria were taken for this study. The susceptibility to meropenem was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth micro-dilution. The phenotypic resistance screening such as MHT (Modified Hodge test), EDTA disk synergy and CIM (carbapenem inactivation method) were performed. A multiplex PCR was used for the detection of carbapenemase-encoding genes. Among the 126 isolates studied, 82 (65.07%) meropenem-resistant isolates were identified by MIC. A total of 18 (21.9%) isolates were found to be positive for Metallo-β-Lactamase production through EDTA synergy test. None of the isolates were carbapenemase producer by MHT and CIM. The isolates identified with resistance genes (8/82) were blaNDM-1 in two Klebsiella sp., two P. aeruginosa and one A. baumannii, blaVIM-1 in one P. aeruginosa and blaAIM-1 in one P. aeruginosa and one A. baumannii. The study showed the distribution and increase of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in the study region. Therefore, constant monitoring and effective elimination should be focused to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant isolates.

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