scholarly journals Hydroxytyrosol Decreases LPS- and α-Synuclein-Induced Microglial Activation In Vitro

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Gallardo-Fernández ◽  
Ruth Hornedo-Ortega ◽  
Isabel M. Alonso-Bellido ◽  
José A. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
Ana M. Troncoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Neuroinflammation is a common feature shared by neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), and seems to play a key role in their development and progression. Microglia cells, the principal orchestrators of neuroinflammation, can be polarized in different phenotypes, which means they are able to have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, or neurodegenerative effects. Increasing evidence supports that the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern is related to the reduction of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. A considerable intake of plant foods, fish, and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), as well as a moderate consumption of red wine, all characteristic of the Mediterranean diet (MD), are behind these effects. These foods are especially rich in polyphenols, being the most relevant in the MD hydroxytyrosol (HT) and their derivatives present in EVOO, which have demonstrated a wide array of biological activities. Here, we demonstrate that HT is able to reduce the inflammation induced by two different stimuli: lipopolysaccharide and α-synuclein. We also study the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HT, including the study of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and inflammasome. Our data support the use of HT to prevent the inflammation associated with PD and shed light into the relationship between MD and this neurological disorder.

scholarly journals Structure–Biological Activity Relationships of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds: Health Properties and Bioavailability

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Rodríguez-López ◽  
Jesús Lozano-Sanchez ◽  
Isabel Borrás-Linares ◽  
Tatiana Emanuelli ◽  
Javier A. Menéndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenolic Fraction

Extra-virgin olive oil is regarded as functional food since epidemiological studies and multidisciplinary research have reported convincing evidence that its intake affects beneficially one or more target functions in the body, improves health, and reduces the risk of disease. Its health properties have been related to the major and minor fractions of extra-virgin olive oil. Among olive oil chemical composition, the phenolic fraction has received considerable attention due to its bioactivity in different chronic diseases. The bioactivity of the phenolic compounds could be related to different properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, although the molecular mechanism of these compounds in relation to many diseases could have different cellular targets. The aim of this review is focused on the extra-virgin olive oil phenolic fraction with particular emphasis on (a) biosynthesis, chemical structure, and influence factors on the final extra-virgin olive oil phenolic composition; (b) structure–antioxidant activity relationships and other molecular mechanisms in relation to many diseases; (c) bioavailability and controlled delivery strategies; (d) alternative sources of olive biophenols. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review was developed, with particular emphasis on in vitro and in vivo assays as well as clinical trials. This report provides an overview of extra-virgin olive oil phenolic compounds as a tool for functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

scholarly journals A Proteomic Approach to Uncover Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Oleocanthal against Oxidative Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Giusti ◽  
Cristina Angeloni ◽  
Maria Barbalace ◽  
Serena Lacerenza ◽  
Federica Ciregia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that share common features like abnormal protein aggregation, perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, excitotoxicity, impairment of mitochondrial functions, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Despite recent advances in the research of biomarkers, early diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy, there are no treatments that can halt the progression of these age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that long-term intake of a Mediterranean diet, characterized by a high consumption of extra virgin olive oil, correlates with better cognition in aged populations. Olive oil phenolic compounds have been demonstrated to have different biological activities like antioxidant, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Oleocanthal, a phenolic component of extra virgin olive oil, is getting more and more scientific attention due to its interesting biological activities. The aim of this research was to characterize the neuroprotective effects of oleocanthal against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, protein expression profiling, combined with pathways analyses, was used to investigate the molecular events related to the protective effects. Oleocanthal was demonstrated to counteract oxidative stress, increasing cell viability, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) intracellular level. Proteomic analysis revealed that oleocanthal significantly modulates 19 proteins in the presence of H2O2. In particular, oleocanthal up-regulated proteins related to the proteasome, the chaperone heat shock protein 90, the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase, and the antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin 1. Moreover, oleocanthal protection seems to be mediated by Akt activation. These data offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms behind oleocanthal protection against oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Combined Treatment with Three Natural Antioxidants Enhances Neuroprotection in a SH-SY5Y 3D Culture Model

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marrazzo ◽  
Angeloni ◽  
Hrelia
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions

Currently, the majority of cell-based studies on neurodegeneration are carried out on two-dimensional cultured cells that do not represent the cells residing in the complex microenvironment of the brain. Recent evidence has suggested that three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microenvironments may better model key features of brain tissues in order to study molecular mechanisms at the base of neurodegeneration. So far, no drugs have been discovered to prevent or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. New therapeutic interventions can come from phytochemicals that have a broad spectrum of biological activities. On this basis, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of three phytochemicals (sulforaphane, epigallocatechin gallate, and plumbagin) alone or in combination, focusing on their ability to counteract oxidative stress. The combined treatment was found to be more effective than the single treatments. In particular, the combined treatment increased cell viability and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated antioxidant enzymes and insulin-degrading enzymes, and downregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 and 2 in respect to peroxide-treated cells. Our data suggest that a combination of different phytochemicals could be more effective than a single compound in counteracting neurodegeneration, probably thanks to a pleiotropic mechanism of action.

scholarly journals Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
M. M. Elaasser ◽  
M. K.S. Morsi ◽  
S. M. Galal ◽  
M. K. Abd El-Rahman ◽  
M. A. Katry
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Unsaponifiable Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Nitric Oxide Inhibition ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Oxide Inhibition

The health benefits of olive oil are well-known. In this study, the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil (Unsap) was investigated for reducing power capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, fer-rous chelating activity and nitric oxide inhibition. The present study was also designed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the Unsap against human carcinoma cells. The anti-inflammatory potential of Unsap has been determined via the inhibition of Human Cyclooxygenases. The results showed that Unsap is efficient for ferric reducing antioxidant power and nitric oxide inhibition. Unsap has a selective effect as anti-inflammatory agent. The results showed moderate to good in vitro antitumor activities of Unsap against human liver, lung and pancreas cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 19.6 to 30.4 μg/mL and good selectivity index (≥ 2). In conclusion, Unsap represents a promising and safe antitumor and antioxidant material that supports the need for further investigation.

scholarly journals 1-Phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediator production in human monocytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Trefiletti ◽  
Anna Rita Togna ◽  
Valentina Latina ◽  
Carolina Marra ◽  
Marcella Guiso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Extra-virgin olive oil is an integral ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, and it has been suggested that its high consumption has beneficial effects on human health. Its protective effect, in particular against the development of CVD, has been related not only to the high content of oleic acid, but also to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. In order to verify the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of hydroxy-isochromans, a class of ortho-diphenols present in extra-virgin olive oil, we investigated the potential ability of 1-phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman (L137) to modulate the production of key inflammatory mediators by human monocytes, by evaluating its in vitro effects on prostanoid (thromboxane A2 and PGE2) and cytokine (TNF-α) production. Its effect on the protein expression of the inducible form of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pro-inflammatory enzyme responsible for elevated prostanoid levels, was also explored. The results showed that L137 significantly inhibited both prostanoid and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-primed human monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, by inhibiting the COX activity of COX-2. We also demonstrated that the effects of the isochroman are mediated, at least partly, through the suppression of NF-κB activation leading to the down-regulation of the synthesis of COX-2.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Prasiola japonica, an Edible Freshwater Green Algae, and Its Various Solvent Fractions in LPS-Induced Macrophages and Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema via the AP-1 Pathway

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Laily Rahmawati ◽  
Sang Hee Park ◽  
Dong Seon Kim ◽  
Hwa Pyoung Lee ◽  
Nur Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Prasiola japonica possesses several biological activities. However, reports on the anti-inflammatory activities and molecular mechanisms of its different solvent fractions remain limited. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of P. japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) and four solvent fractions of Pj-EE made with hexane (Pj-EE-HF), chloroform (Pj-EE-CF), butanol (Pj-EE-BF), or water (Pj-EE-WF) in both in vitro (LPS-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced acute paw edema mouse models) experiments. The most active solvent fraction was selected for further analysis. Various in vitro and in vivo assessments, including nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, luciferase assays, real-time polymerase chain reactions, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the phytochemical constituents were characterized by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In in vitro studies, the highest inhibition of NO production was observed in Pj-EE-CF. Further examination revealed that Pj-EE-CF decreased the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and suppressed subsequent AP-1-luciferase activity by inhibition of phosphorylation events in the AP-1 signaling pathway. Pj-EE-CF treatment also demonstrated the strongest reduction in thickness and volume of carrageenan-induced paw edema, while Pj-EE-BF showed the lowest activity. Furthermore, Pj-EE-CF also reduced gene expression and cytokines production in tissue lysates of carrageenan-induced paw edema. These findings support and validate the evidence that Pj-EE, and especially Pj-EE-CF, could be a good natural source for an anti-inflammatory agent that targets the AP1 pathway.

scholarly journals Potential Uses of Olive Oil Secoiridoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Emma ◽  
Giuseppa Augello ◽  
Vita Di Stefano ◽  
Antonina Azzolina ◽  
Lydia Giannitrapani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a combination of foods mainly rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients that have been shown to have many health-enhancing effects. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an important component of the MD. The importance of EVOO can be attributed to phenolic compounds, represented by phenolic alcohols, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, and to secoiridoids, which include oleocanthal, oleacein, oleuropein, and ligstroside (along with the aglycone and glycosidic derivatives of the latter two). Each secoiridoid has been studied and characterized, and their effects on human health have been documented by several studies. Secoiridoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties and, therefore, exhibit anti-cancer activity. This review summarizes the most recent findings regarding the pharmacological properties, molecular targets, and action mechanisms of secoiridoids, focusing attention on their preventive and anti-cancer activities. It provides a critical analysis of preclinical, in vitro and in vivo, studies of these natural bioactive compounds used as agents against various human cancers. The prospects for their possible use in human cancer prevention and treatment is also discussed.

scholarly journals Kaempferol as a Dietary Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Current Therapeutic Standing

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Alam ◽  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Shah ◽  
Omar Cauli ◽  
Luciano Saso
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Inflammation is a physiological response to different pathological, cellular or vascular damages due to physical, chemical or mechanical trauma. It is characterized by pain, redness, heat and swelling. Current natural drugs are carefully chosen as a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of inflammatory diseases. Different phytochemical constituents are present in natural products. These phytochemicals have high efficacy both in vivo and in vitro. Among them, flavonoids occur in many foods, vegetables and herbal medicines and are considered as the most active constituent, having the ability to attenuate inflammation. Kaempferol is a polyphenol that is richly found in fruits, vegetables and herbal medicines. It is also found in plant-derived beverages. Kaempferol is used in the management of various ailments but there is no available review article that can summarize all the natural sources and biological activities specifically focusing on the anti-inflammatory effect of kaempferol. Therefore, this article is aimed at providing a brief updated review of the literature regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of kaempferol and its possible molecular mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the review provides the available updated literature regarding the natural sources, chemistry, biosynthesis, oral absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and therapeutic effect of kaempferol.

scholarly journals Influence of Olive Oil and Its Components on Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Raquel Moral ◽  
Eduard Escrich
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
The Mediterranean

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasia and a leading cause of mortality in women worldwide. The Mediterranean diet has been proposed as a healthy dietary pattern with protective effects in several chronic diseases, including breast cancer. This diet is characterized by the consumption of abundant plant foods and olive oil as the principal source of fat, which is considered one of the main components with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) has several bioactive compounds, mainly including monounsaturated fatty acids, triterpenes and polyphenols, such as phenolic alcohols (e.g., hydroxytyrosol), secoiridoids (e.g., oleuropein and oleocanthal), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) or flavonoids (e.g., luteolin). While epidemiological evidence is still limited, experimental in vivo and in vitro data have shown a protective effect of this oil and its compounds on mammary carcinogenesis. Such effects account through complex and multiple mechanisms, including changes in epigenetics, transcriptome and protein expression that modulate several signaling pathways. Molecular targets of EVOO compounds have a role in the acquisition of cancer hallmarks. Although further research is needed to elucidate their beneficial effects on human prevention and progression of the disease, evidence points to EVOO in the context of the Mediterranean diet as a heathy choice, while EVOO components may be promising adjuvants in anticancer strategies.

scholarly journals Luteolin-3′-O-Phosphate Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Regulating NF-κB/MAPK Cascade Signaling in RAW 264.7 Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7393
Author(s):  
Jung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Tae-Jin Park ◽  
Jin-Soo Park ◽  
Min-Seon Kim ◽  
Won-Jae Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Luteolin (LT), present in most plants, has potent anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some of its derivatives, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying luteolin-3′-O-phosphate (LTP)-mediated immune regulation are not fully understood. In this paper, we compared the anti-inflammatory properties of LT and LTP and analyzed their molecular mechanisms of action; we obtained LTP via the biorenovation of LT. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of LT and LTP in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. We confirmed from previously reported literature that LT inhibits the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, as well as the expression of inducible NO synthetase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, expressions of inflammatory genes and mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, were suppressed. LTP showed anti-inflammatory activity similar to LT, but better anti-inflammatory activity in all the experiments, while also inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B more effectively than LT. At a concentration of 10 μM, LTP showed differences of 2.1 to 44.5% in the activity compared to LT; it also showed higher anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that LTP has stronger anti-inflammatory activity than LT.

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