scholarly journals Fabrication of Biocompatible Polycaprolactone–Hydroxyapatite Composite Filaments for the FDM 3D Printing of Bone Scaffolds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6351
Author(s):  
Chang Geun Kim ◽  
Kyung Seok Han ◽  
Sol Lee ◽  
Min Cheol Kim ◽  
Soo Young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Bone Scaffolds ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Mechanical Tensile

Recently, three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has been widely adopted in biology and biomedical applications, thanks to its capacity to readily construct complex 3D features. Using hot-melt extrusion 3DP, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering were fabricated using a composite of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA). However, there are hardly any published reports on the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using feed filaments, which is the most common 3D printing method. In this study, we report on the fabrication and characterization of biocompatible filaments made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA), a raw material mainly used for bone scaffolds, using FDM 3D printing. A series of filaments with varying HA content, from 5 to 25 wt.%, were fabricated. The mechanical and electrical properties of the various structures, printed using a commercially available 3D printer, were examined. Specifically, mechanical tensile tests were performed on the 3D-printed filaments and specimens. In addition, the electrical dielectric properties of the 3D-printed structures were investigated. Our method facilitates the fabrication of biocompatible structures using FDM-type 3DP, creating not only bone scaffolds but also testbeds for mimicking bone structure that may be useful in various fields of study.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Ivan Grgić ◽  
Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽  
Mirko Karakašić ◽  
Željko Ivandić
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

scholarly journals An overview on 3D Printed Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-13
Author(s):  
Neha Thakur ◽  
Hari Murthy
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Semi Solid

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a digitally-controlled additive manufacturing technique used for fast prototyping. This paper reviews various 3D printing techniques like Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling, (FDM), Semi-solid extrusion (SSE), Stereolithography (SLA), Thermal Inkjet (TIJ) Printing, and Binder jetting 3D Printing along with their application in the field of medicine. Normal medicines are based on the principle of “one-size-fits-all”. This is not true always, it is possible medicine used for curing one patient is giving some side effects to another. To overcome this drawback “3D Printed medicines” are developed. In this paper, 3D printed medicines forming different Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are reviewed. Printed medicines are capable of only curing the diseases, not for the diagnosis. Nanomedicines have “theranostic” ability which combines therapeutic and diagnostic. Nanoparticles are used as the drug delivery system (DDS) to damaged cells’ specific locations. By the use of nanomedicine, the fast recovery of the disease is possible. The plant-based nanoparticles are used with herbal medicines which give low-cost and less toxic medication called nanobiomedicine. 4D and 5D printing technology for the medical field are also enlightened in this paper.

scholarly journals Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Objects Made from Plastic Waste Using FDM: Potential Construction Applications

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Essam Zaneldin ◽  
Waleed Ahmed ◽  
Aya Mansour ◽  
Amged El Hassan
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed

Construction projects are often challenged by tight budgets and limited time and resources. Contractors are, therefore, looking for ways to become competitive by improving efficiency and using cost-effective materials. Using three-dimensional (3D) printing for shaping materials to produce cost-effective construction elements is becoming a feasible option to make contractors more competitive locally and globally. The process capabilities for 3D printers and related devices have been tightened in recent years with the booming of 3D printing industries and applications. Contractors are attempting to improve production skills to satisfy firm specifications and standards, while attempting to have costs within competitive ranges. The aim of this research is to investigate and test the production process capability (Cp) of 3D printers using fused deposition modeling (FDM) to manufacture 3D printed parts made from plastic waste for use in the construction of buildings with different infill structures and internal designs to reduce cost. This was accomplished by calculating the actual requirement capabilities of the 3D printers under consideration. The production capabilities and requirements of FDM printers are first examined to develop instructions and assumptions to assist in deciphering the characteristics of the 3D printers that will be used. Possible applications in construction are then presented. As an essential outcome of this study, it was noticed that the 3D printed parts made from plastic waste using FDM printers are less expensive than using traditional lightweight non-load bearing concrete hollow masonry blocks, hourdi slab hollow bocks, and concrete face bricks.

Characterization of PLA/TPU composite filaments manufactured for 3D printing with FDM

2021 ◽  
pp. 089270572110625
Author(s):  
Ajay Jayswal ◽  
Sabit Adanur
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were mixed in different proportions and extruded through twin-screw and single-screw extruders to obtain composite filaments to be used for 3D printing with fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. The properties of the filaments were characterized using uniaxial tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rheology, polarized optical microscope (POM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3D printed samples from composite filaments were tested using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the tensile strength and modulus of the filaments decrease while elongation at break increases with the increasing TPU content in the composite. The analysis also showed a partial miscibility of the polymer constituents in the solution of composite filaments. Finally, a flexible structure, plain weave fabric, was designed and 3D printed using the composite filaments developed which proved that the filaments are well suited for 3D printing.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Drug-Eluting Nano-Hydroxylapatite Filled Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites Using Solution-Extrusion 3D Printing Technique

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pang-Yun Chou ◽  
Ying-Chao Chou ◽  
Yu-Hsuan Lai ◽  
Yu-Ting Lin ◽  
Chia-Jung Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Drug Eluting ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
3D Printing Technique ◽  
Moving Speed

Polycaprolactone/nano-hydroxylapatite (PCL/nHA) nanocomposites have found use in tissue engineering and drug delivery owing to their good biocompatibility with these types of applications in addition to their mechanical characteristics. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of PCL/nHA nanocomposites persists as a defiance mostly because of the lack of commercial filaments for the conventional fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. In addition, as the composites are prepared using FDM for the purpose of delivering pharmaceuticals, thermal energy can destroy the embedded drugs and biomolecules. In this report, we investigated 3D printing of PCL/nHA using a lab-developed solution-extrusion printer, which consists of an extrusion feeder, a syringe with a dispensing nozzle, a collection table, and a command port. The effects of distinct printing variables on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated. Drug-eluting nanocomposite screws were also prepared using solution-extrusion 3D printing. The empirical outcomes suggest that the tensile properties of the 3D-printed PCL/nHA nanocomposites increased with the PCL/nHA-to-dichloromethane (DCM) ratio, fill density, and print orientation but decreased with an increase in the moving speed of the dispensing tip. Furthermore, printed drug-eluting PCL/nHA screws eluted high levels of antimicrobial vancomycin and ceftazidime over a 14-day period. Solution-extrusion 3D printing demonstrated excellent capabilities for fabricating drug-loaded implants for various medical applications.

scholarly journals Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Applications of PLA Composites: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Eda Hazal Tümer ◽  
Husnu Yildirim Erbil
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Tensile Properties and Damage of Continuous Fibre Reinforced 3D-Printed Parts

2018 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio Andrés González-Estrada ◽  
Alberto Pertuz ◽  
Jabid E. Quiroga Mendez
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been traditionally used for the production of prototypes. Recently, developments in 3D printing using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and reinforcement with continuous fibres (fiberglass and carbon fibre), have allowed the manufacture of functional prototypes, considerably improving the mechanical performance of the composite parts. In this work, we characterise the elastic tensile properties of fibre reinforced specimens, considering the variation of several parameters available during the printing process: fibre orientation, volume fraction, fill pattern, reinforcement distribution. Tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D638 to obtain Young’s modulus and ultimate strength for different material configurations available during the printing process. We also perform a fractographic analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to give an insight of the failure mechanisms present in the specimens.

scholarly journals Research of TPU Materials for 3D Printing Aiming at Non-Pneumatic Tires by FDM Method

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2492
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Xiang Lin ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

3D printing technology has been widely used in various fields, such as biomedicine, clothing design, and aerospace, due to its personalized customization, rapid prototyping of complex structures, and low cost. However, the application of 3D printing technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires has not been systematically studied. In this study, we evaluated the application of potential thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials based on FDM technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires. First, the printing process of TPU material based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was studied through tensile testing and SEM observation. The results show that the optimal 3D printing temperature of the selected TPU material is 210 °C. FDM technology was successfully applied to 3D printed non-pneumatic tires based on TPU material. The study showed that the three-dimensional stiffness of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires is basically 50% of that obtained by simulation. To guarantee the prediction of the performance of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires, we suggest that the performance of these materials should be moderately reduced during the structural design for performance simulation.

Analysis of Correlation Between Contrast and Component of Polylatic Acid Composite for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 5107-5111
Author(s):  
Kyu-Hyon Son ◽  
Jung-Hun Kim ◽  
Dong-Eun Kim ◽  
Min-Sik Kang ◽  
Joo-Heon Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Cie Lab

Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing is considered a disruptive technology for producing components with topologically optimized complex geometries as well as functionalities that are not achievable by traditional methods. 3D printing is expected to revolutionize the manufacturing of components. While several 3D printing systems are available, printing based on fused-deposition modeling (FDM) using thermoplastics is particularly widespread because of the simplicity and potential applicability of the method. In this study, we report the analysis of correlation between contrast and component of polylactic acid (PLA) based composite for FDM 3D printing. The pre-fabricated white composite and black composite were mixed in the fraction of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100% (v/v) and the obtained mixture was extruded using HX-35 3D filament extrusion line. The samples in different contrast were printed in disk like shape, and the gray scale filaments and 3D printed samples were measured the morphology and components using a field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CIE-lab values of the samples were measured using a colorimeter and the correlation between CIE-lab values and the components were analyzed. Although the component of Ti was linearly increased, the CIE-lab values show a clear exponential increase by increasing the white composite.

Self-Lubricating and Friction Performance of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Journal Bearing

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeong-Jae Lee ◽  
Kwang-Hee Lee ◽  
Chul-Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Self ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Friction Performance

In recent years, through the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, 3D‐printed parts have been used in various industries, such as medical equipment and robotics. Various 3D printing methods have been developed. Today, a 3D printer can be used even in precision parts, such as bolts and bearings. In this study, journal bearings are manufactured by a 3D printer to evaluate friction performance and self-lubricating performance. The journal bearings are fabricated using two types of 3D printing method: fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS). The specimens manufactured by FDM are produced by plastic materials with three-layer thicknesses. Nylon-based materials and aluminum-based materials are used to fabricate the SLS specimen. Micropores are created in the specimens during the printing process. Therefore, the self-lubricating performance can occur by micropores. The experimental setup is designed and constructed to evaluate the friction performance by varying rotational speed and the radial load. Through this study, the self-lubricating performance and friction performance of 3D-printed journal bearings are evaluated, and proper operating conditions for 3D-printed bearings are suggested.

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