scholarly journals 3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Ivan Grgić ◽  
Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽  
Mirko Karakašić ◽  
Željko Ivandić
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

scholarly journals Development of a 3D Printed Double-Acting Linear Pneumatic Actuator for the Tendon Gripping

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2528
Author(s):  
Ivan Grgić ◽  
Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽  
Mirko Karakašić ◽  
Željko Ivandić
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Pneumatic Actuator ◽  
Tensile Testing Machine ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
3D Printed

The lack of standardization in tissue testing procedures results in a variety of custom-made devices. In the case of the determination of the mechanical properties of tendons, it is sometimes necessary to adapt the existing laboratory equipment for conducting experiments when specific commercial equipment is not applicable to solve issues such as proper gripping to prevent tendon slipping and rupturing, gripping control and manoeuvrability in case of tendon submerging and without contamination of the testing liquid. This paper presents the systematic development, design, and fabrication using 3D printing technology and the application of the double-acting linear pneumatic actuator to overcome such issues. It is designed to do its work submerged in the Ringers’ solution while gripping the tendon along with the clamps. The pneumatic foot valve unit of the Shimadzu AGS-X tensile testing machine controls the actuator thus preventing Ringers’ solution to be contaminated by the machine operator during specimen set-up. The actuator has a length of 60 mm, a bore of 50 mm, and a stroke length of 20 mm. It is designed to operate with an inlet pressure of up to 0.8 MPa. It comprises the cylinder body with the integrated thread, the piston, the piston head, and the gripper jaw. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been used as the 3D printing technique, along with polylactic acid (PLA) as the material for 3D printing. The 3D printed double-acting linear pneumatic actuator was developed into an operating prototype. This study could open new frontiers in the field of tissue testing and the development of similar specialized devices for medical purposes.

Characterization of PLA/TPU composite filaments manufactured for 3D printing with FDM

2021 ◽  
pp. 089270572110625
Author(s):  
Ajay Jayswal ◽  
Sabit Adanur
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were mixed in different proportions and extruded through twin-screw and single-screw extruders to obtain composite filaments to be used for 3D printing with fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. The properties of the filaments were characterized using uniaxial tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rheology, polarized optical microscope (POM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3D printed samples from composite filaments were tested using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the tensile strength and modulus of the filaments decrease while elongation at break increases with the increasing TPU content in the composite. The analysis also showed a partial miscibility of the polymer constituents in the solution of composite filaments. Finally, a flexible structure, plain weave fabric, was designed and 3D printed using the composite filaments developed which proved that the filaments are well suited for 3D printing.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Biocompatible Polycaprolactone–Hydroxyapatite Composite Filaments for the FDM 3D Printing of Bone Scaffolds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6351
Author(s):  
Chang Geun Kim ◽  
Kyung Seok Han ◽  
Sol Lee ◽  
Min Cheol Kim ◽  
Soo Young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Bone Scaffolds ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Mechanical Tensile

Recently, three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has been widely adopted in biology and biomedical applications, thanks to its capacity to readily construct complex 3D features. Using hot-melt extrusion 3DP, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering were fabricated using a composite of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA). However, there are hardly any published reports on the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using feed filaments, which is the most common 3D printing method. In this study, we report on the fabrication and characterization of biocompatible filaments made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA), a raw material mainly used for bone scaffolds, using FDM 3D printing. A series of filaments with varying HA content, from 5 to 25 wt.%, were fabricated. The mechanical and electrical properties of the various structures, printed using a commercially available 3D printer, were examined. Specifically, mechanical tensile tests were performed on the 3D-printed filaments and specimens. In addition, the electrical dielectric properties of the 3D-printed structures were investigated. Our method facilitates the fabrication of biocompatible structures using FDM-type 3DP, creating not only bone scaffolds but also testbeds for mimicking bone structure that may be useful in various fields of study.

Biodegradable 3D Printed Polymer Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Luzuriaga ◽  
Danielle R. Berry ◽  
John C. Reagan ◽  
Ronald A. Smaldone ◽  
Jeremiah J. Gassensmith
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Microfabrication Technique ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

Biodegradable polymer microneedle (MN) arrays are an emerging class of transdermal drug delivery devices that promise a painless and sanitary alternative to syringes; however, prototyping bespoke needle architectures is expensive and requires production of new master templates. Here, we present a new microfabrication technique for MNs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid, an FDA approved, renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic material. We show how this natural degradability can be exploited to overcome a key challenge of FDM 3D printing, in particular the low resolution of these printers. We improved the feature size of the printed parts significantly by developing a post fabrication chemical etching protocol, which allowed us to access tip sizes as small as 1 μm. With 3D modeling software, various MN shapes were designed and printed rapidly with custom needle density, length, and shape. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that our method resulted in needle tip sizes in the range of 1 – 55 µm, which could successfully penetrate and break off into porcine skin. We have also shown that these MNs have comparable mechanical strengths to currently fabricated MNs and we further demonstrated how the swellability of PLA can be exploited to load small molecule drugs and how its degradability in skin can release those small molecules over time.

scholarly journals Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Yue Ba ◽  
Yu Wen ◽  
Shibin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Laser Polishing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Stability And Accuracy

Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how landscape products are designed, built, and developed. In landscape architecture, reduced-size models are 3D-printed to replicate full-size structures. However, high surface roughness usually occurs on the surfaces of such 3D-printed components, which requires additional post-treatment. In this work, we develop a new type of landscape design structure based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and present a laser polishing method for FDM-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) mechanical components, whereby the surface roughness of the laser-polished surfaces is reduced from over Ra 15 µm to less than 0.25 µm. The detailed results of thermodynamics and microstructure evolution are further analyzed during laser polishing. The stability and accuracy of the results are evaluated based on the standard deviation. Additionally, the superior tensile and flexural properties are examined in the laser-polished layer, in which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is increased by up to 46.6% and the flexural strength is increased by up to 74.5% compared with the as-fabricated components. Finally, a real polished landscape model is simulated and optimized using a series of scales.

scholarly journals 3D-Printable PP/SEBS Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends: Preparation and Properties

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shib Banerjee ◽  
Stephen Burbine ◽  
Nischay Kodihalli Shivaprakash ◽  
Joey Mead
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Preferential Location

Currently, material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP) based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) is considered a highly adaptable and efficient additive manufacturing technique to develop components with complex geometries using computer-aided design. While the 3D printing process for a number of thermoplastic materials using FDM technology has been well demonstrated, there still exists a significant challenge to develop new polymeric materials compatible with ME3DP. The present work reports the development of ME3DP compatible thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) materials from polypropylene (PP) and styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers using a straightforward blending approach, which enables the creation of tailorable materials. Properties of the 3D printed TPEs were compared with traditional injection molded samples. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed sample were lower than the injection molded samples. However, no significant differences could be found in the melt rheological properties at higher frequency ranges or in the dynamic mechanical behavior. The phase morphologies of the 3D printed and injection molded TPEs were correlated with their respective properties. Reinforcing carbon black was used to increase the mechanical performance of the 3D printed TPE, and the balancing of thermoplastic elastomeric and mechanical properties were achieved at a lower carbon black loading. The preferential location of carbon black in the blend phases was theoretically predicted from wetting parameters. This study was made in order to get an insight to the relationship between morphology and properties of the ME3DP compatible PP/SEBS blends.

scholarly journals Medical-Grade PCL Based Polyurethane System for FDM 3D Printing—Characterization and Fabrication

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Haryńska ◽  
Justyna Kucinska-Lipka ◽  
Agnieszka Sulowska ◽  
Iga Gubanska ◽  
Marcin Kostrzewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Medical Grade

The widespread use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in medicine has contributed to the increased demand for 3D printing materials. In addition, new printing materials that are appearing in the industry do not provide a detailed material characterization. In this paper, we present the synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL) based medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethanes, which are suitable for forming in a filament that is dedicated to Fused Deposition Modeling 3D (FDM 3D)printers. For this purpose, we synthesized polyurethane that is based on PCL and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with a different isocyanate index NCO:OH (0.9:1, 1.1:1). Particular characteristics of synthesized materials included, structural properties (FTIR, Raman), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), mechanical and surfaces (contact angle) properties. Moreover, pre-biological tests in vitro and degradation studies were also performed. On the basis of the conducted tests, a material with more desirable properties S-TPU(PCL)0.9 was selected and the optimization of filament forming via melt-extrusion process was described. The initial biological test showed the biocompatibility of synthesized S-TPU(PCL)0.9 with respect to C2C12 cells. It was noticed that the process of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) filaments forming by extrusion was significantly influenced by the appropriate ratio between the temperature profile, rotation speed, and dosage ratio.

3D Printed PLA/PCL/TiO2 Composite for Bone Replacement and Grafting

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (40) ◽  
pp. 2373-2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra E. Nájera ◽  
Monica Michel ◽  
Nam-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Fracture Strain ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
In Vitro Biocompatibility ◽  
Bone Replacement ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACTPolymer composites of Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), containing small amounts of titanium oxide (TiO2) were developed for biomedical applications. These composite materials were prepared, and then printed using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). 3D printed structures were characterized to determine their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. DSC analysis yielded useful information regarding the immiscibility of the different polymers, and it was observed that the particles of TiO2 improved the stability of the polymers. The ultimate tensile strength and the fracture strain increased by adding TiO2 as a filler, resulting in values of approximately 45 MPa and 5.5 % elongation. The printed composites show excellent in vitro biocompatibility including cell proliferation and adhesion, and are therefore promising candidates to be used in the biomedical field for bone replacement procedures, due to their properties similar to those of cancellous bone.

Properties and applications of electrically conductive thermoplastics for additive manufacturing of sensors

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Hampel ◽  
Samuel Monshausen ◽  
Meinhard Schilling
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Technique ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
3D Printing Technique ◽  
Printing Parameters

AbstractIn consequence of the growing diversity of materials in the fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique, electrically conductive materials are commercially available. In this work two filaments based on thermoplastics filled with carbon or metal nanoparticles are analyzed in terms of their electrical conductance. The printing parameters to process the materials with the 3D printer are optimized with the design of experiments (DoE) method. A model to calculate the resistance of such 3D printed structures is presented and a demonstrator as a proof of concept was 3D printed based on these results. In addition, 3D printing of capacitors is investigated.

scholarly journals Development and Accuracy Test of a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing using H-Bot Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Budi Hadisujoto ◽  
Robby Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Accuracy Test ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing process known as the 3D printing process is an advanced manufacturing process including one of the components to support industrial revolution 4.0. The initial development of a 3D printing machine at Sampoerna University is the background of this research. The 3D printing setup of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was built using H-bot moving mechanism by considering the rigidity aspect. The FDM printing method is selected due to its cost and reliability. In this early development, the brackets were custom made using a 3D printer with Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. The result showed that the software worked properly in accordance with the assembled mechanical and electrical parts. The 3D printer could print simple objects such as planes and cubes with small dimensions. However, the printing specimen still lacked accuracy caused by the less rigidity of linear rail brackets, less coplanar belt arrangement, and error in some electronic components.

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