scholarly journals The Glutamate Receptor Plays a Role in Defense against Botrytis cinerea through Electrical Signaling in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11217
Author(s):  
Shuxian Feng ◽  
Caizhe Pan ◽  
Shuting Ding ◽  
Qiaomei Ma ◽  
Chaoyi Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Electrical Signaling ◽  
The Relationship

Plant glutamate-like receptor genes (GLRs) are homologous to mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors genes (iGluRs). Although GLRs have been implicated in plant defenses to biotic stress, the relationship between GLR-mediated plant immunity against fungal pathogens and electrical signals remains poorly understood. Here, we found that pretreatment with a GLR inhibitor, 6,7-dinitriquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), increased the susceptibility of tomato plants to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Assessment of the glr3.3, glr3.5 and glr3.3/glr3.5 double-mutants upon B. cinerea infection showed that tomato GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 are essential for plant immunity against B. cinerea, wherein GLR3.3 plays the main role. Analysis of the membrane potential changes induced by glutamate (Glu) or glycine (Gly) revealed that amplitude was significantly reduced by knocking out GLR3.3 in tomato. While treatment with Glu or Gly significantly increased immunity against B. cinerea in wild-type plants, this effect was significantly attenuated in glr3.3 mutants. Thus, our data demonstrate that GLR3.3- and GLR3.5-mediated plant immunity against B. cinerea is associated with electrical signals in tomato plants.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics Reveals the Potential Targets of BcNoxR, a Putative Regulatory Subunit of NADPH Oxidase of Botrytis cinerea

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 990-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Zhanquan Zhang ◽  
Chang He ◽  
Guozheng Qin ◽  
Shiping Tian
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Wild Type

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex has been shown to play a crucial role in stress response and in the virulence of various fungal pathogens. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis compared changes in protein abundance in wild-type Botrytis cinerea and ΔbcnoxR mutants in which the regulatory subunit of NOX was deleted. The ΔbcnoxR mutants exhibited reduced growth, sporulation, and impaired virulence. A total of 60 proteins, representing 49 individual genes, were identified in ΔbcnoxR mutants that exhibited significant differences in abundance relative to wild-type. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the differences in transcript levels for 36 of the genes encoding the identified proteins were in agreement with the proteomic analysis, while the remainder exhibited reverse levels. Functional analysis of four proteins that decreased abundance in the ΔbcnoxR mutants indicated that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (BcPGD) played a role in the growth and sporulation of B. cinerea. The Δbcpgd mutants also displayed impaired virulence on various hosts, such as apple, strawberry, and tomato fruit. These results suggest that NOX can influence the expression of BcPGD, which has an impact on growth, sporulation, and virulence of B. cinerea.

scholarly journals The Endochitinase of Clonostachysrosea Expression in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enhances the Botrytis cinerea Resistance of Tomato

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Zheng ◽  
Xudong Wang ◽  
Siyuan Liu ◽  
Kewei Zhang ◽  
Zhibo Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Related Enzyme

To investigate whether the ech42 gene in Clonostachysrosea can improve the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its molecular mechanism. Compared to the wild type, the B. amyloliquefaciens transformed with the ech42 gene exhibited higher chitinase activity. The B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 also showed significantly higher biocontrol efficiency compared to Botrytiscinerea when tomato plants were pre-treated with B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42. No significant difference in biocontrol efficiency was observed between the wild type and B.amyloliquefaciens-ech42 when tomato plants were first infected by Botrytiscinerea. In addition, the activity of the defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase, but not superoxide dismutase, was significantly higher in B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 than in the wild type. The ech42 enhances the biocontrol efficiency of B.amyloliquefaciens by increasing the capacity of preventative/curative effects in plants, rather than by killing the pathogens.

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidase Is Crucial for the Cellular Redox Homeostasis in Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1508-1516
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Shiping Tian ◽  
Guozheng Qin
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Proteins ◽  
In The Wild

During interactions, both plants and pathogens produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants generate ROS for defense induction, while pathogens synthesize ROS for growth, sporulation, and virulence. NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex in the plasma membrane represents a main protein complex for ROS production in pathogens. Although NOX plays a crucial role in pathogenicity of pathogens, the underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, especially the proteins regulated by NOX, remain largely unknown. Here, we applied an iodoacetyl tandem mass tag-based redox proteomic assay to investigate the protein redox dynamics in deletion mutant of bcnoxR, which encodes a regulatory subunit of NOX in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In total, 214 unique peptidyl cysteine (Cys) thiols from 168 proteins were identified and quantified in both the wild type and ∆bcnoxR mutant. The Cys thiols in the ∆bcnoxR mutant were generally more oxidized than those in the wild type, suggesting that BcNoxR is essential for maintaining the equilibrium of the redox state in B. cinerea. Site-specific thiol oxidation analysis indicated that 142 peptides containing the oxidized thiols changed abundance significantly in the ∆bcnoxR mutant. Proteins containing these differential peptides are classified into various functional categories. Functional analysis revealed that one of these proteins, 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, played roles in oxidative stress response and pathogenesis of B. cinerea. These results provide insight into the potential target proteins and the ROS signal transduction pathway regulated by NOX.

scholarly journals RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Ono ◽  
Kazuyuki Mise ◽  
Yoshitaka Takano
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Actual Contribution ◽  
Molecular Patterns

AbstractNecrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis rlp23 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the B. cinerea infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen. B. cinerea carried two NLP genes, BcNEP1 and BcNEP2; BcNEP1 was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into Arabidopsis, whereas BcNEP2 was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, other necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola did not express the NLP gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the rlp23 mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance to B. cinerea via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.

scholarly journals The Protective Effect of Trichoderma asperellum on Tomato Plants against Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea Diseases Involves Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica I. Herrera-Téllez ◽  
Ana K. Cruz-Olmedo ◽  
Javier Plasencia ◽  
Marina Gavilanes-Ruíz ◽  
Oscar Arce-Cervantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Tomato Plants

Trichoderma species are fungi widely employed as plant-growth-promoting agents and for biological control. Several commercial and laboratory-made solid formulations for mass production of Trichoderma have been reported. In this study, we evaluated a solid kaolin-based formulation to promote the absortion/retention of Trichoderma asperellum in the substrate for growing tomato plants. The unique implementation of this solid formulation resulted in an increased growth of the tomato plants, both in roots and shoots after 40 days of its application. Plants were challenged with two fungal pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, and pretreatment with T. asperellum resulted in less severe wilting and stunting symptoms than non-treated plants. Treatment with T. asperellum formulation inhibited Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production in response to the pathogens in comparison to plants that were only challenged with both pathogens. These results suggest that decrease in ROS levels contribute to the protective effects exerted by T. asperellum in tomato.

MPK3/MPK6-mediated ERF72 Phosphorylation Positively Regulates Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Through Directly and Indirectly Activating the Transcription of Camalexin-biosynthesis Enzymes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihao Li ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Ganlu Tong ◽  
Chao Xi ◽  
Jin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Ethylene Response

Abstract Ethylene response factor (ERF) Group VII members generally function in regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress response, and plant immunity in Arabidopsis. However, the detail regulatory mechanism by which Group VII ERFs mediate plant immune responses remains elusive. Here, we characterised ERF72, a member of the Group VII ERFs, as a positive regulator mediating resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Compared with wild type (WT), erf72 mutant showed the lower camalexin contents and more susceptible to B. cinerea, while complementation of ERF72 in erf72 rescued susceptibility phenotypes. Moreover, overexpression of ERF72 in WT promoted camalexin biosynthesis and resistance to B. cinerea. Then, we identified camalexin biosynthesis genes PAD3 and CYP71A13, and transcription factor WRKY33 as target genes of ERF72. Furthermore, MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate ERF72 at Ser151 to improve its transactivation activity, camalexin contents and resistance to B. cinerea. These findings highlight the role of ERF72 in coordinating the camalexin biosynthesis via directly regulating the expression of camalexin biosynthetic genes and indirectly by targeting WRKK33 in plant immunity.

scholarly journals The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea—Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 923
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cheung ◽  
Lei Tian ◽  
Xueru Liu ◽  
Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Mutant Analysis ◽  
Sclerotial Formation

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at the beginning of this century and it was recently updated with improved gene annotation and completeness. In this review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. cinerea developmental and pathogenesis processes, specifically on genes studied comprehensively with mutant analysis. Analyses of these studies have unveiled key genes in the biological processes of this pathogen, including hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity and melanization. In addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps in the present knowledge regarding development and virulence mechanisms. We hope this review will serve to enhance the knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind this notorious fungal pathogen.

scholarly journals Tomato Prosystemin is much more than a simple Systemin precursor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Molisso ◽  
Mariangela Coppola ◽  
Martina Buonanno ◽  
Ilaria Di Lelio ◽  
Simona Maria Monti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Carboxy Terminus ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest ◽  
Dependent Pathway

SummarySystemin (Sys) is an octadecapeptide which, upon wounding, is released from the carboxy terminus of its precursor, prosystemin(ProSys) to promote plant defenses. Recent findings on the disordered structure of ProSysprompted us to investigate a putative biological role of the whole precursor deprived of Sys peptide. We produced transgenic tomato plants expressing a truncated ProSys gene in which the exon coding for Sys was removed and compared their defense response with that induced by the exogenous application of the recombinant deleted ProSys[ProSys(1-178)].By combining protein structure analyses, transcriptomic analysis, gene expression profiling and bioassays with different pests we demonstrate that the truncated ProSys, that does not induce the endogenous ProSys gene, promotes defense barriers in tomato plants through a hormone independent defense pathway, likely associated with the production of oligogalacturonides (OGs). Both transgenic and plants treated with the recombinant protein showed the modulation of the expression of genes linked with defense responses and resulted protected against the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera littoralis and the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Our results suggest that the overall function of the wild type prosystemin is more complex than previously shown as it might activate at least two tomato defense pathways: the well-known Sys-dependent pathway connected with the induction of JA biosynthesis and the successive activation of a set of defense-related genes and the ProSys(1-178)-dependent pathway associated with OGs production leading to the OGs mediate plant immunity.

scholarly journals Activation of Local and Systemic Defence Responses by Flg22 Is Dependent on Daytime and Ethylene in Intact Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8354
Author(s):  
Zalán Czékus ◽  
András Kukri ◽  
Kamirán Áron Hamow ◽  
Gabriella Szalai ◽  
Irma Tari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Defence Responses

The first line of plant defence responses against pathogens can be induced by the bacterial flg22 and can be dependent on various external and internal factors. Here, we firstly studied the effects of daytime and ethylene (ET) using Never ripe (Nr) mutants in the local and systemic defence responses of intact tomato plants after flg22 treatments. Flg22 was applied in the afternoon and at night and rapid reactions were detected. The production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was induced by flg22 locally, while superoxide was induced systemically, in wild type plants in the light period, but all remained lower at night and in Nr leaves. Flg22 elevated, locally, the ET, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in the light period; these levels did not change significantly at night. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) and Defensin (DEF) showed also daytime- and ET-dependent changes. Enhanced ERF1 and DEF expression and stomatal closure were also observable in systemic leaves of wild type plants in the light. These data demonstrate that early biotic signalling in flg22-treated leaves and distal ones is an ET-dependent process and it is also determined by the time of day and inhibited in the early night phase.

scholarly journals Plant Hormone Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Dwarf and Wild-type Banana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Deng ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Xing Long ◽  
Ren Fang ◽  
Shuangyun Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Repressor Proteins ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGibberellin (GA), auxin (IAA) and brassinosteroid (BR) are indispensable in the process of plant growth and development. Currently, research on the regulatory mechanism of phytohormones in banana dwarfism is mainly focused on GA, and few studies are focused on IAA and BR. In this study, we measured the contents of endogenous GA, IAA and BR and compared the transcriptomes of wild-type Williams banana and its dwarf mutant across five successive growth periods. We investigated the relationship between hormones and banana dwarfism and explored differential gene expression through transcriptome analysis, thus revealing the possible metabolic regulatory mechanism. We inferred a complex regulatory network of banana dwarfing. In terms of endogenous hormone levels, GA and IAA had significant effects on banana dwarfing, while BR had little effect. The key gene in GA biosynthesis of is GA2ox, and the key genes in IAA biosynthesis are TDC and YUCCA. The differential expression of these genes might be the main factor affecting hormone levels and plant height. In terms of hormone signal transduction, DELLA and AUX/IAA repressor proteins were the core regulators of GA and IAA, respectively. They inhibited the process of signal transduction and had feedback regulation on hormone levels. Finally, the transporter protein PIN, AUX1/LAX protein family and ABCB subfamily played supplementary roles in the transport of IAA. These results provide new insights into GA and IAA regulation of banana growth and a reliable foundation for the improvement of dwarf varieties.

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