scholarly journals Recent Advances in Equalization Technologies for Short-Reach Optical Links Based on PAM4 Modulation: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuyang Liu ◽  
Lei Yue ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Optical Links ◽  
Effective Manner

In recent years, short-reach optical links have attracted much more attention and have come to constitute a key market segment due to the rapid development of data-center applications and cloud services. Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) is a promising modulation format to provide both a high data rate and relatively low cost for short-reach optical links. However, the direct detector and low-cost components also pose immense challenges, which are unforeseen in coherent transmission. To compensate for the impairments and to truly meet data rate requirements in a cost-effective manner, various digital signal processing (DSP) technologies have been proposed and investigated for short-reach PAM4 optical links. In this paper, an overview of the latest progress on DSP equalization technologies is provided for short-reach optical links based on PAM4 modulation. We not only introduce the configuration and challenges of the transmission system, but also cover the principles and performance of different equalizers and some improved methods. Moreover, machine learning algorithms are discussed as well to mitigate the nonlinear distortion for next-generation short-reach PAM4 links. Finally, a summary of various equalization technologies is illustrated and our perspective for the future trend is given.

Simple Methods for Design of Narrowband High-Pass FIR Filters

2005 ◽  
pp. 2492-2498
Author(s):  
Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Fir Filters ◽  
Integrated Circuit Fabrication ◽  
Circuit Fabrication ◽  
Analog Systems ◽  
High Pass

Digital signal processing (DSP) is an area of engineering that “has seen explosive growth during the past three decades” (Mitra, 2001). Its rapid development is a result of significant advances in digital computer technology and integrated circuit fabrication (Smith, 2002; Jovanovic-Dolecek, 2002). Diniz, Silva, and Netto (2002) state that “the main advantages of digital systems relative to analog systems are high reliability, suitability for modifying the system’s characteristics, and low cost.”

scholarly journals Design of a Low-Cost Configurable Acoustic Sensor for the Rapid Development of Sound Recognition Applications

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Alsina-Pagès ◽  
Marcos Hervás ◽  
Leticia Duboc ◽  
Jordi Carbassa
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Sound Recognition ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks

Concerned about the noise pollution in urban environments, the European Commission (EC) has created an Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (END) requiring Member states to publish noise maps and noise management plans every five years for cities with a high density of inhabitants, major roads, railways and airports. The END also requires the noise pressure levels for these sources to be presented independently. Currently, data measurements and the representations of the noise pressure levels in such maps are performed semi-manually by experts. This process is time and cost consuming, as well as limited to presenting only a static picture of the noise levels. To overcome these issues, we propose the deployment of Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks with several nodes in urban environments that can enable the generation of real-time noise level maps, as well as detect the source of the sound thanks to machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we briefly review the state of the art of the hardware used in wireless acoustic applications and propose a low-cost sensor based on an ARM cortex-A microprocessor. This node is able to process machine learning algorithms for sound source detection in-situ, allowing the deployment of highly scalable sound identification systems.

scholarly journals Low Complexity DSP for High Speed Optical Access Networking

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3406
Author(s):  
Jinlong Wei ◽  
Cedric Lam ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
Ivan Aldaya ◽  
Elias Giacoumidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Noise Suppression ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Power Budget ◽  
Optical Access

A novel low-cost and energy-efficient approach for reaching 40 Gb/s signals is proposed for cost-sensitive optical access networks. Our proposed design is constituted of an innovative low-complex high-performance digital signal processing (DSP) architecture for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), reuses existing commercial cost-effective 10-G components and eliminates the need of a power-hungry radio frequency (RF) component in the transmitter. Using a multi-functional 17-tap reconfigurable adaptive Volterra-based nonlinear equalizer with noise suppression, significant improvement in receiver optical power sensitivity is achieved. Results show that over 30 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) a link power budget of 33 dB is feasible at a bit-error-rate (BER) threshold of 10−3.

Drug Target Group Prediction with Multiple Drug Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingang Che ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Zi-Han Guo ◽  
Shuaiqun Wang ◽  
Aorigele
Keyword(s):  
Drug Target ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Property A ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The One

Background: Identification of drug-target interaction is essential in drug discovery. It is beneficial to predict unexpected therapeutic or adverse side effects of drugs. To date, several computational methods have been proposed to predict drug-target interactions because they are prompt and low-cost compared with traditional wet experiments. Methods: In this study, we investigated this problem in a different way. According to KEGG, drugs were classified into several groups based on their target proteins. A multi-label classification model was presented to assign drugs into correct target groups. To make full use of the known drug properties, five networks were constructed, each of which represented drug associations in one property. A powerful network embedding method, Mashup, was adopted to extract drug features from above-mentioned networks, based on which several machine learning algorithms, including RAndom k-labELsets (RAKEL) algorithm, Label Powerset (LP) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were used to build the classification model. Results and Conclusion: Tenfold cross-validation yielded the accuracy of 0.839, exact match of 0.816 and hamming loss of 0.037, indicating good performance of the model. The contribution of each network was also analyzed. Furthermore, the network model with multiple networks was found to be superior to the one with a single network and classic model, indicating the superiority of the proposed model.

Resource Allocation in Cloud using Multi Bidding Model with User Centric Behavior Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1008-1019
Author(s):  
N. Vijayaraj ◽  
T. Senthil Murugan
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Behavior Analysis ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Online Auction ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
User Centric ◽  
Cloud Resources

Background: Number of resource allocation and bidding schemes had been enormously arrived for on demand supply scheme of cloud services. But accessing and presenting the Cloud services depending on the reputation would not produce fair result in cloud computing. Since the cloud users not only looking for the efficient services but in major they look towards the cost. So here there is a way of introducing the bidding option system that includes efficient user centric behavior analysis model to render the cloud services and resource allocation with low cost. Objective: The allocation of resources is not flexible and dynamic for the users in the recent days. This gave me the key idea and generated as a problem statement for my proposed work. Methods: An online auction framework that ensures multi bidding mechanism which utilizes user centric behavioral analysis to produce the efficient and reliable usage of cloud resources according to the user choice. Results: we implement Efficient Resource Allocation using Multi Bidding Model with User Centric Behavior Analysis. Thus the algorithm is implemented and system is designed in such a way to provide better allocation of cloud resources which ensures bidding and user behavior. Conclusion: Thus the algorithm Efficient Resource Allocation using Multi Bidding Model with User Centric Behavior Analysis is implemented & system is designed in such a way to provide better allocation of cloud resources which ensures bidding, user behavior. The user bid data is trained accordingly such that to produce efficient resource utilization. Further the work can be taken towards data analytics and prediction of user behavior while allocating the cloud resources.

scholarly journals Assessing Determinants of Continuance Intention towards Personal Cloud Services: Extending UTAUT2 with Technology Readiness

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Shih-Chih Chen ◽  
Shing-Han Li ◽  
Shih-Chi Liu ◽  
David C. Yen ◽  
Athapol Ruangkanjanases
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Technology Readiness ◽  
Continuance Intention ◽  
Systems Research

In addition to the rapid development of global information and communications technology (ICT) and the Internet, recent rapid growth in cloud computing technology represents another important trend. Individual continuance intention towards information technology is a critical area in which information systems research can be performed. This study aims to develop an integrated model designed to explain and predict an individual’s continuance intention towards personal cloud services based on the concepts of technology readiness (TR) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2), moderated by gender, age, and experience of personal cloud services. The key results of the partial least square test largely support the proposed model’s validity and the significant impact of effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, price value, habit, and technology readiness on continuance intention towards personal cloud services. In addition to providing symmetric theoretical support with the proposed model and transforming the individual characteristics of TR into UTAUT2, this study could be used to enhance and analyze users’ adoption of personal cloud services and also increase the symmetry of the model’s explanation and prediction. The findings from this research contribute to providing practical implications and academic resources as well as improving our understanding of personal cloud service applications.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation Scheme of QSFP28 Optical Transceiver for Long-Reach Transmission Using PAM4 Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
Dong-Seong Kim ◽  
Seung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Sang-Moon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Small Form ◽  
Transceiver Design ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Design Scheme ◽  
Implementation Scheme ◽  
Small Form Factor

A quad, small form-factor pluggable 28 Gbps optical transceiver design scheme is proposed. It is capable of transmitting 50 Gbps of data up to a distance of 40 km using modulation signals with a level-four pulse-amplitude. The proposed scheme is designed using a combination of electro-absorption-modulated lasers, transmitter optical sub-assembly, low-cost positive-intrinsic-native photodiodes, and receiver optical sub-assembly to achieve standard performance and low cost. Moreover, the hardware and firmware design schemes to implement the optical transceiver are presented. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and the performance of the manufactured optical transceiver, thereby confirming its applicability to real industrial sites.

scholarly journals A 40 Mb/s VLC System Reusing an Existing Large LED Panel in an Indoor Office Environment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1697
Author(s):  
Xicong Li ◽  
Zabih Ghassemlooy ◽  
Stanislav Zvánovec ◽  
Paul Anthony Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Modulation Depth ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Light Sources

With advances in solid-state lighting, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology to enhance existing light-emitting diode (LED)-based lighting infrastructure by adding data communication capabilities to the illumination functionality. The last decade has witnessed the evolution of the VLC concept through global standardisation and product launches. Deploying VLC systems typically requires replacing existing light sources with new luminaires that are equipped with data communication functionality. To save the investment, it is clearly desirable to make the most of the existing illumination systems. This paper investigates the feasibility of adding data communication functionality to the existing lighting infrastructure. We do this by designing an experimental system in an indoor environment based on an off-the-shelf LED panel typically used in office environments, with the dimensions of 60 × 60 cm2. With minor modifications, the VLC function is implemented, and all of the modules of the LED panel are fully reused. A data rate of 40 Mb/s is supported at a distance of up to 2 m while using the multi-band carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. Two main limiting factors for achieving higher data rates are observed. The first factor is the limited bandwidth of the LED string inside the panel. The second is the flicker due to the residual ripple of the bias current that is generated by the panel’s driver. Flicker is introduced by the low-cost driver, which provides bias currents that fluctuate in the low frequency range (less than several kilohertz). This significantly reduces the transmitter’s modulation depth. Concurrently, the driver can also introduce an effect that is similar to baseline wander at the receiver if the flicker is not completely filtered out. We also proposed a solution based on digital signal processing (DSP) to mitigate the flicker issue at the receiver side and its effectiveness has been confirmed.

scholarly journals A Multi-Loop Vehicle-Counting Method under Gray Mode and RGB Mode

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6831
Author(s):  
Yue Chen ◽  
Jian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Available Information

With the rapid development of road traffic, real-time vehicle counting is very important in the construction of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Compared with traditional technologies, the video-based method for vehicle counting shows great importance and huge advantages in its low cost, high efficiency, and flexibility. However, many methods find difficulty in balancing the accuracy and complexity of the algorithm. For example, compared with traditional and simple methods, deep learning methods may achieve higher precision, but they also greatly increase the complexity of the algorithm. In addition to that, most of the methods only work under one mode of color, which is a waste of available information. Considering the above, a multi-loop vehicle-counting method under gray mode and RGB mode was proposed in this paper. Under gray and RGB modes, the moving vehicle can be detected more completely; with the help of multiple loops, vehicle counting could better deal with different influencing factors, such as driving behavior, traffic environment, shooting angle, etc. The experimental results show that the proposed method is able to count vehicles with more than 98.5% accuracy while dealing with different road scenes.

scholarly journals Machine Learning for Design Optimization of Electromagnetic Devices: Recent Developments and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1627
Author(s):  
Yanbin Li ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
Gerd Bramerdorfer ◽  
Sheng Peng ◽  
Xiaodong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Design Optimization ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Robust Design Optimization ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Electromagnetic Devices ◽  
Recent Developments

This paper reviews the recent developments of design optimization methods for electromagnetic devices, with a focus on machine learning methods. First, the recent advances in multi-objective, multidisciplinary, multilevel, topology, fuzzy, and robust design optimization of electromagnetic devices are overviewed. Second, a review is presented to the performance prediction and design optimization of electromagnetic devices based on the machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural network, support vector machine, extreme learning machine, random forest, and deep learning. Last, to meet modern requirements of high manufacturing/production quality and lifetime reliability, several promising topics, including the application of cloud services and digital twin, are discussed as future directions for design optimization of electromagnetic devices.

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