scholarly journals Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Urban Aerosols in an Eastern Mediterranean City

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareq Hussein ◽  
Shatha Saleh ◽  
Vanessa dos Santos ◽  
Brandon Boor ◽  
Antti Koivisto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Athletic Activities ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
The City ◽  
Mediterranean City

We calculated the regional deposited dose of inhaled particulate matter based on number/mass concentrations in Amman, Jordan. The dose rate was the highest during exercising but was generally lower for females compared to males. The fine particles dose rate was 1010–1011 particles/h (101–102 µg/h). The PM10 dose rate was 49–439 µg/h for males and 36–381 µg/h for females. While resting, the PM10 deposited in the head airways was 67–77% and 8–12% in the tracheobronchial region. When exercising, the head airways received 37–44% of the PM10, whereas the tracheobronchial region received 31–35%. About 8% (exercise) and 14–16% (rest) of the PM2.5 was received in the head airways, whereas the alveolar received 74–76% (exercise) and 54–62% (rest). Extending the results for common exposure scenarios in the city revealed alarming results for service workers and police officers; they might receive PM2.5 and 220 µg/h PM10 while doing their duty on main roads adjacent to traffic. This is especially critical for a pregnant police officer. Outdoor athletic activities (e.g., jogging along main roads) are associated with high PM2.5 and PM10 dose rates (100 µg/h and ~425 µg/h, respectively).

PHYTOMONITORING AS A METOD OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY URBAN ENVIRONMENT BY FINE DUST

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Irina Glinyanova ◽  
Valery Azarov ◽  
Valery Fomichev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Random Functions ◽  
The City

Fine dust: (PM2.5, PM10) is a priority pollutant that contributes to the development of numerous dis-eases in urban areas. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the dispersed composition of dust parti-cles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone of Volgograd. The novelty of the work lies in the study of the dispersed composition of dust particles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone in the city of Volgograd near the construction industry enterprise, me-chanical engineering, leather production and railway transport line in comparison with the conditionally clean (control) zone of the SNT “Orocenets” ”(Sovetsky District, Volgograd) from the standpoint of random functions expressed by integral distribution curves of the mass of particles over their equivalent diameters. As a result of the research, the dispersed composition of dust on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus ar-meníaca) in the residential area of Volgograd was revealed. Fine particles were found: PM2.5, PM10 in each of the studied points, which by their values, both in their number and mass fraction, significantly exceed the data on fine dust in a conditionally clean area (control) in the SNT “Oroshanets” (Sovetsky district Volgo-grad), which creates certain environmental risks for local residents. The dispersed analysis of particles from the standpoint of random functions in the future will allow with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy to pre-dict the dust content of urban atmospheric air in the range of monthly and / or seasonal average values compared to the traditional measurement of fine dust concentration in atmospheric air of the urban environ-ment as the maximum single or daily average. At the same time, further studies of dust on the leaves of plants in an urban environment, namely, the study of the density of its sedimentation, will also reveal a group of ur-ban plants that are best suited to retain PM2.5 and PM10 on leaf plates in this region, which can significantly increase the quality of the atmospheric air of the urban environment and be of a recommendatory nature for the state-owned landscaping services of the city of Volgograd when improving the green areas of a megacity.

scholarly journals Radiation Awareness for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in the Hybrid Operating Room: An Instant Operator Risk Chart for Daily Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 152660282110074
Author(s):  
Quirina M. B. de Ruiter ◽  
Frans L. Moll ◽  
Constantijn E. V. B. Hazenberg ◽  
Joost A. van Herwaarden
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
Access Site ◽  
Femoral Access ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Rate Prediction ◽  
Operator Dose

Introduction: While the operator radiation dose rates are correlated to patient radiation dose rates, discrepancies may exist in the effect size of each individual radiation dose predictors. An operator dose rate prediction model was developed, compared with the patient dose rate prediction model, and converted to an instant operator risk chart. Materials and Methods: The radiation dose rates (DRoperator for the operator and DRpatient for the patient) from 12,865 abdomen X-ray acquisitions were selected from 50 unique patients undergoing standard or complex endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in the hybrid operating room with a fixed C-arm. The radiation dose rates were analyzed using a log-linear multivariable mixed model (with the patient as the random effect) and incorporated varying (patient and C-arm) radiation dose predictors combined with the vascular access site. The operator dose rate models were used to predict the expected radiation exposure duration until an operator may be at risk to reach the 20 mSv year dose limit. The dose rate prediction models were translated into an instant operator radiation risk chart. Results: In the multivariate patient and operator fluoroscopy dose rate models, lower DRoperator than DRpatient effect size was found for radiation protocol (2.06 for patient vs 1.4 for operator changing from low to medium protocol) and C-arm angulation. Comparable effect sizes for both DRoperator and DRpatient were found for body mass index (1.25 for patient and 1.27 for the operator) and irradiated field. A higher effect size for the DRoperator than DRpatient was found for C-arm rotation (1.24 for the patient vs 1.69 for the operator) and exchanging from femoral access site to brachial access (1.05 for patient vs 2.5 for the operator). Operators may reach their yearly 20 mSv year dose limit after 941 minutes from the femoral access vs 358 minutes of digital subtraction angiography radiation from the brachial access. Conclusion: The operator dose rates were correlated to patient dose rate; however, C-arm angulation and changing from femoral to brachial vascular access site may disproportionally increase the operator radiation risk compared with the patient radiation risk. An instant risk chart may improve operator dose awareness during EVAR.

Kinetics of DNA Repair Under Chronic Irradiation at Low and Medium Dose Rates in Repair Proficient and Repair Compromised Normal Fibroblasts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena K. Zaharieva ◽  
Megumi Sasatani ◽  
Kenji Kamiya
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Chronic Irradiation ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Chronic Radiation ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Medium Dose

We present time and dose dependencies for the formation of 53BP1 and γH2AX DNA damage repair foci after chronic radiation exposure at dose rates of 140, 250 and 450 mGy/day from 3 to 96 h, in human and mouse repair proficient and ATM or DNA-PK deficient repair compromised cell models. We describe the time/dose-response curves using a mathematical equation which contains a linear component for the induction of DNA damage repair foci after irradiation, and an exponential component for their resolution. We show that under conditions of chronic irradiation at low and medium dose rates, the processes of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induction and repair establish an equilibrium, which in repair proficient cells manifests as a plateau-shaped dose-response where the plateau is reached within the first 24 h postirradiation, and its height is proportionate to the radiation dose rate. In contrast, in repair compromised cells, where the rate of repair may be exceeded by the DSB induction rate, DNA damage accumulates with time of exposure and total absorbed dose. In addition, we discuss the biological meaning of the observed dependencies by presenting the frequency of micronuclei formation under the same irradiation conditions as a marker of radiation-induced genomic instability. We believe that the data and analysis presented here shed light on the kinetics of DNA repair under chronic radiation and are useful for future studies in the low-to-medium dose rate range.

scholarly journals Serum Metabolomic Alterations Associated with Cesium-137 Internal Emitter Delivered in Various Dose Rates

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Heng-Hong Li ◽  
Yun-Tien Lin ◽  
Evagelia C. Laiakis ◽  
Maryam Goudarzi ◽  
Waylon Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Cumulative Dose ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Dose Rate Effect ◽  
Medium Dose

Our laboratory and others have use radiation metabolomics to assess responses in order to develop biomarkers reflecting exposure and level of injury. To expand the types of exposure and compare to previously published results, metabolomic analysis has been carried out using serum samples from mice exposed to 137Cs internal emitters. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 137CsCl solutions of varying radioactivity, and the absorbed doses were calculated. To determine the dose rate effect, serum samples were collected at 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after injection. Based on the time for each group receiving the cumulative dose of 4 Gy, the dose rate for each group was determined. The dose rates analyzed were 0.16 Gy/day (low), 0.69 Gy/day (medium), and 1.25 Gy/day (high). The results indicated that at a cumulative dose of 4 Gy, the low dose rate group had the least number of statistically significantly differential spectral features. Some identified metabolites showed common changes for different dose rates. For example, significantly altered levels of oleamide and sphingosine 1-phosphate were seen in all three groups. On the other hand, the intensity of three amino acids, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine and Arginine, significantly decreased only in the medium dose rate group. These findings have the potential to be used in assessing the exposure and the biological effects of internal emitters.

scholarly journals Investigation of dose-rate effects and cell-cycle distribution under protracted exposure to ionizing radiation for various dose-rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Matsuya ◽  
Stephen J. McMahon ◽  
Kaori Tsutsumi ◽  
Kohei Sasaki ◽  
Go Okuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Cell Cycle Distribution ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Dose Rate Effects ◽  
Rate Effects

scholarly journals The Economics of Policing and Public Safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Emily Owens ◽  
Bocar Ba
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Police Action ◽  
The City

The efficiency of any police action depends on the relative magnitude of its crime-reducing benefits and legitimacy costs. Policing strategies that are socially efficient at the city level may be harmful at the local level, because the distribution of direct costs and benefits of police actions that reduce victimization is not the same as the distribution of indirect benefits of feeling safe. In the United States, the local misallocation of police resources is disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals. Despite the complexity of this particular problem, the incentives facing both police departments and police officers tend to be structured as if the goals of policing were simple—to reduce crime by as much as possible. Formal data collection on the crime reducing-benefits of policing, and not the legitimacy costs, produce s further incentives to provide more engagement than may be efficient in any specific encounter, at both the officer and departmental level. There is currently little evidence as to what screening, training, or monitoring strategies are most effective at encouraging individual officers to balance the crime reducing benefits and legitimacy costs of their actions.

scholarly journals Reversal of epidural xylazine in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with atipamezole

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382
Author(s):  
M. M Shokry ◽  
A. H. Elkasapy
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
The Mean

The reversal of epidural xylazine, induced with IV atipamezole was evaluated in 15 buffaloes. Atipamezole at different dose rates (5, 10 and 15 µg/kg) injected 30 minutes after epidural xylazine provoked visible signs of arousal shortly after inection in all buffaloes without any side effects. The mean arousal times were 4.8±0.84 min, 2.4±0.24 min and 2.0±0.00 min while the mean total recovery times were 61.0±2.6 min, 33.0±3.7 min and 32.0±4.3 min following doses of 5, 10 and 15 µg/kg atipamezole respectively. The heart, respiratory and ruminal rates were mildly influenced. Overall, the IV atipamezole at a dose rate of 10 µg/kg was found effective and satisfactory for reversing the analgesic, sedative and cardiopulmonary depression effects induced by epidural xylazine administration in buffaloes.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF RADIATION DOSE RATE OF RSG-GAS REACTOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hamzah ◽  
Hery Adrial ◽  
Subiharto Subiharto
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Radiation Dose Rate ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Limit Value

EVALUATION OF RADIATION DOSE RATE OF RSG-GAS REACTOR. The RSG-GAS reactor has been operated for 30 years. Since the nuclear reactor has been operated for a long time, aging process on its components may occur. One important parameter for maintaining the safety level of the RSG-GAS reactor is to maintain radiation exposure as low as possible, especially in the working area. The evaluation results should be able to demonstrate that the radiation exposure of the RSG-GAS is still safe for workers, communities and the surrounding environments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate radiation exposure in the working area to ensure that the operation of RSG-GAS is still safe for the next 10 years. The scope of this work is confirming the calculation results with the measured radiation dose in the RSG-GAS reactor working area. Measurement of radiation exposure is done by using the installed equipments at some points in the RSG-GAS working area and a portable radiation exposure measurement equipment. The calculations include performance of a modeling and analysis of dose rate distribution based on the composition and geometry data of RSG-GAS by using MCNP.  The analysis results show that the maximum dose rate at Level 0 m working area of RSG-GAS reactor is 3.0 mSv/h with a deviation of 6%, which is relatively close to the measurement value. The evaluation results show that the dose rate in RSG-GAS working area is below the limit value established by the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency of Indonesia (BAPETEN) of 10 mSv/h (for the average effective dose of 20 mSv/year). Therefore, it is concluded that the dose rate in RSG-GAS working area is safe for personnel..Kata kunci: dose rates, RSG-GAS, radiation safety, MCNP.

The effects of high dose rates of ionizing radiations on solutions of iron and cerium salts

1960 ◽  
Vol 255 (1283) ◽  
pp. 490-508 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Reaction Zones ◽  
Constant Dose ◽  
Ceric Sulphate ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

The electron beam generated by a 15 MeV linear accelerator has been employed to induce reactions in aerated aqueous solutions of 1 to 25 mM ferrous sulphate, and of 0⋅1 to 1 mM ceric sulphate. The radiation was delivered in pulses of 1⋅3 μ s duration and over a range of dose rates from 0⋅5 to 20000 rads/pulse. Radiation yields at constant dose rate were compared with the aid of a chemical dose monitor. A system of two thin, widely spaced, irradiation vessels was employed to determine the variation of yield of any one system over successive known ranges of dose rate. The yield of ferric sulphate in the iron system was found to decrease with increasing dose rate in the range 0⋅01 to 10 krads/pulse by an overall factor of 0⋅85, and was appreciably dependent on the initial concentrations of dissolved oxygen and of ferrous sulphate at high dose rates. Yields of hydrogen and of hydrogen peroxide were practically independent of dose rate. The observations have been interpreted on the basis of inter-radical reactions which occur when the reaction zones of neighbouring clusters overlap. The following reactions can account for all the data: OH + Fe 2+ → Fe 3+ + OH ¯ , (1) H + O 2 → HO 2 , (2) H + OH → H 2 O. (7) The values k 1 / k 7 = 0⋅0062, and k 2 / k 7 = 0⋅22 are reasonably consistent with the observations. In the ceric sulphate system the yield of cerous sulphate increases progressively over the range 0⋅01 to 10 krads/pulse by an overall factor of 1⋅4. The data accord with the view that at high dose rates OH radicals react with them selves ultimately to form hydrogen peroxide, in competition with their normal reaction with cerous sulphate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document