scholarly journals The Imprint of the Southern Annular Mode on Black Carbon AOD in the Western Cape Province

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Chibuike Chiedozie Ibebuchi ◽  
Heiko Paeth
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between variations of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and black carbon (BC) at 550 nm aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the Western Cape province (WC). Variations of the positive (negative) phase of the SAM are found to be related to regional circulation types (CTs) in southern Africa, associated with suppressed (enhanced) westerly wind over the WC through the southward (northward) migration of Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude cyclones. The CTs related to positive (negative) SAM anomalies induce stable (unstable) atmospheric conditions over the southwestern regions of the WC, especially during the austral winter and autumn seasons. Through the control of CTs, positive (negative) SAM phases tend to contribute to the build-up (dispersion and dilution) of BC in the study region because they imply dry (wet) conditions which favor the build-up (washing out) of pollutant particles in the atmosphere. Indeed, recent years with an above-average frequency of CTs related to positive (negative) SAM anomalies are associated with a high (low) BC AOD over southwesternmost Africa.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Circulation Patterns, the Southern Annular Mode, and Rainfall Variability in Western Cape

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Chibuike Chiedozie Ibebuchi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Annular Mode

This study investigates circulation types (CTs) in Africa, south of the equator, that are related to wet and dry conditions in the Western Cape, the statistical relationship between the selected CTs and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and changes in the frequency of occurrence of the CTs related to the SAM under the ssp585 scenario. Obliquely rotated principal component analysis applied to sea level pressure (SLP) was used to classify CTs in Africa, south of the equator. Three CTs were found to have a high probability of being associated with wet days in the Western Cape, and four CTs were equally found to have a high probability of being associated with dry days in the Western Cape. Generally, the dry/wet CTs feature the southward/northward track of the mid-latitude cyclone, adjacent to South Africa; anti-cyclonic/cyclonic relative vorticity, and poleward/equatorward track of westerlies, south of South Africa. One of the selected wet CTs was significantly related to variations of the SAM. Years with an above-average SAM index correlated with the below-average frequency of occurrences of the wet CT. The results suggest that through the dynamics of the CT, the SAM might control the rainfall variability of the Western Cape. Under the ssp585 scenario, the analyzed climate models indicated a possible decrease in the frequency of occurrence of the aforementioned wet CT associated with cyclonic activity in the mid-latitudes, and an increase in the frequency of the occurrence of CT associated with enhanced SLP at mid-latitudes.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Circulation Patterns, the Southern Annular Mode, and Rainfall Variability in Western Cape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chibuike Chiedozie Ibebuchi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Annular Mode

This study investigates circulation types (CTs) in Africa, south of the equator, that are related to wet and dry conditions in Western Cape, the statistical relationship between the selected CTs and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and changes in the frequency of occurrence of the CTs related to the SAM under the ssp585 scenario. Obliquely rotated principal component analysis applied to sea level pressure was used to classify CTs in Africa, south of the equator. Three CTs were found to have a high probability to be associated with wet days in Western Cape, and four CTs were equally found to have a high probability to be associated with dry days in Western Cape. Generally, the dry/wet CTs feature the southward/northward track of the mid-latitude cyclone, adjacent to South Africa; anti-cyclonic/cyclonic relative vorticity, and poleward/equatorward track of westerlies, south of South Africa. One of the selected wet CTs is significantly related to variations of the SAM. Years with an above-average SAM index correlate with the below-average frequency of occurrence of the wet CT. The results suggest that through the dynamics of the CT, the SAM might control the rainfall variability of Western Cape. Under the ssp585 scenario, the analyzed climate models indicated a possibility in the decrease of the frequency of occurrence of the aforementioned wet CT associated with cyclonic activity at the mid-latitudes, and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of the CT associated with enhanced SLP in the mid-latitudes.

scholarly journals The relationship marketing practices of travel agencies in the Western Cape Province

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Roberts-Lombard ◽  
T. F.J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Market Environment ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Role Players ◽  
The Relationship

Relationship marketing has received much attention and widespread publicity over the past ten years and has moved to the forefront of research and practice. It provides organizations with a management tool to establish economically profitable relationships, networks and interactions with different, but equally important stakeholder markets. The purpose of the article is to research the relationship marketing practices of travel agencies in the Western Cape province. The empirical research component of the study consisted of the completion of structured questionnaires through personal interviews. The questionnaire consisted of a structured format and incorporated two types of questions, namely closed-ended questions and five point Likert-type statements. The findings of the study concluded that the relationships between travel agencies and the different role players in their market environment are fragmented. The direct marketing initiatives of SAA and hotel groups such as the Southern Sun and Protea hotels are putting strain on the current relationship between travel agencies and these suppliers. The managerial implications for the study specify that an environment must be created which is more accessible to the critical interaction between the travel agency in the Western Cape province and its different role players. This is especially relevant considering that organisations are continuously becoming more aware that their success within a highly competitive market environment depends on the building of long term relationships with each of these role players.

Change in the Relationship between the Southern Subtropical Dipole Modes and the Southern Annular Mode in the Mid-1980s

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (23) ◽  
pp. 9235-9249
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Gen Li
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Decadal Shift ◽  
Subtropical Highs ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The southern subtropical dipole modes (SSDMs) and southern annular mode (SAM) are important climate modes, which are dominant in the southern middle and high latitudes, respectively, with considerable regional climatic impacts. However, the relationship between the two modes remains unclear. A close inspection reveals that the SAM was significantly correlated with the SSDMs during the austral summer before the mid-1980s. However, the correlations have degraded since then. This decadal shift in the relationship between these two southern dominant modes is due to a weakened connection between the SAM and the subtropical highs that control the SSDMs. This decadal change could be traced back to a poleward shift in the southern westerly belt. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) typically plays a moderate role in influencing the precipitation in Australia and a minor role in influencing the precipitation in Africa and South America. Nevertheless, the two southern modes could still affect the austral summer rainfall in the midlatitudes, even though the ENSO signal is absent. All these links between the two southern modes and southern land precipitation may be attributable to the associated transport of moisture in the lower-level circulation.

scholarly journals The Southern Annular Mode: a comparison of indices

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ho ◽  
A. S. Kiem ◽  
D. C. Verdon-Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mode A ◽  
Australian Rainfall

Abstract. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has been identified as a climate mechanism with potentially significant impacts on the Australian hydroclimate. However, despite the identification of relationships between SAM and Australia's hydroclimate using certain data sets, and focussed on certain time periods, the association has not been extensively explored and significant uncertainties remain. One reason for this is the existence of numerous indices, methods and data sets by which SAM has been approximated. In this paper, the various SAM definitions and indices are reviewed and the similarities and discrepancies are discussed, along with the strengths and weaknesses of each index development approach. Further, the sensitivity of the relationship between SAM and Australian rainfall to choice of SAM index is quantified and recommendations are given as to the most appropriate index to use when assessing the impacts of the SAM on Australia's hydroclimate. Importantly this study highlights the need to consider the impact that the choice of SAM index, and data set used to calculate the index, has on the outcomes of any SAM attribution study.

Linkage of the South Asian High to the Southern Annular Mode during the Boreal Summer

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1404-1409
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Yan You Guo ◽  
Cheng Shan Wang
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
South Asian High ◽  
Interhemispheric Interaction ◽  
The South ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
The Relationship

The linkage of the South Asian High (SAH) to the southern annular mode (SAM) during the boreal summer is addressed. The results show that the SAH correlated well with the Southern Hemispheric subtropical high (SSH) and SAM, which exhibits that their recent positive trends are associated with each other. During the positive SAH anomalies years, roughly speaking, the sea level pressure (SLP) and the zonal surface wind (u10) are analogous to that of the positive SAM phase, but they also show an anomalous zonal-wave-3-like (ZW3-like) pattern over the mid latitudes. The surface temperature (ST) variations are not similar to the SAM. Nevertheless, these changes are related with the anomalous cyclones and meridional surface wind (v10). The relationship between the SAH and SAM is also a manifestation of the interhemispheric interaction, and this study contributes to the understanding of the global change.

scholarly journals AN AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTIVE LAG ANALYSIS OF CRIME & TOURISM IN THE WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-308
Author(s):  
Rufaro GARIDZIRAI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Lag Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between crime and tourism has not received much attention in the academic fraternity. Instead, extensive attention has been placed on the impact of tourism on economic growth, inequality, poverty and employment. To contribute to the scarce literature on crime-tourism, the researcher examined the impact of crime on tourists arrival in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. An Autoregressive Distributive Lag model was employed to examine whether crime reduces or increases the arrival of tourists in the Western Cape Province. The results show that robberies, car hijacking and unemployment minimizes the number of tourists in the province, while economic growth and prosecution per population increases the number of tourists in the province. The results further highlight that robberies, car hijacking and unemployment disequilibrium can be solved after 1 year 6 months, holding all other things constant. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government provide more employment opportunities to prevent crime in the province.

scholarly journals The supplier relationship practices of travel agencies in the Western Cape Province - What is the status quo?

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mornay Roberts-Lombard
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supplier Relationship

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to explore the supplier relationship practices of travel agencies in the Western Cape province. The article wants to establish the current supplier relationship practices of travel agencies in the province and to identify limitations in supplier market relationships which might exist in the industry. Problem investigated: Relationships are the basis on which trade in the travel industry is built (George, 2006:224). The establishment and management of these relationships must be to the advantage of all parties in the relationship (Swart, 2003:120). Townes (2007) indicated that the current level of relationships that exists between travel agencies and their suppliers, especially the South African Airways (SAA), the Protea and Southern Sun hotel groups and motor vehicle rental companies such as AVIS is fragmented and negatively impairs on the ability of travel agents to deliver a quality service to their customers. To improve their overall level of service delivery to both corporate and leisure customers, it is important for travel agencies to know and understand the current level of their relationships with suppliers. It is against this background that the research was undertaken. Methodology: The target population for this study was 118 travel agencies of which 61 managers and/or owners participated through personal interviews in the completion of questionnaires. Data analysis was done by calculating averages and standard deviations, Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA), Cronbach Alpha-values and practical significance by means of effect sizes. Findings: The owners and managers of travel agencies are of the opinion that the strengthening of their existing relationships with suppliers must be prioritised. More emphasis should be placed on the strengthening of existing communication channels between travel agencies and their suppliers to secure the faster resolution of queries and complaints and to enhance the sharing of information, skills and knowledge between the two parties. The results further indicated that the development of long term relationships with suppliers are important for the future existence of the travel agency industry in the Western Cape. The establishment of these relationships must, however, be to the advantage of both parties in the relationship Conclusion: Travel agencies and their suppliers should work in collaboration to improve their service delivery to customers by sharing information on product development, marketing and promotional strategies as well as future distribution initiatives. It is also important that both travel agencies and their suppliers should believe in the long term value of establishing a relationship with each other. It is for this reason that trust and commitment are prerequisites for the establishment of such a relationship.

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