scholarly journals Microbial Involvement in Carbon Transformation via CH4 and CO2 in Saline Sedimentary Pool

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Weronika Goraj ◽  
Anna Szafranek-Nakonieczna ◽  
Jarosław Grządziel ◽  
Cezary Polakowski ◽  
Mirosław Słowakiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Subsurface Sediments ◽  
Bacillus Genus ◽  
Microcosm Studies ◽  
Water Saturated

Methane and carbon dioxide are one of the most important greenhouse gases and significant components of the carbon cycle. Biogeochemical methane transformation may occur even in the extreme conditions of deep subsurface ecosystems. This study presents methane-related biological processes in saline sediments of the Miocene Wieliczka Formation, Poland. Rock samples (W2, W3, and W4) differed in lithology (clayey salt with veins of fibrous salt and lenses of gypsum and anhydrite; siltstone and sandstone; siltstone with veins of fibrous salt and lenses of anhydrite) and the accompanying salt type (spiza salts or green salt). Microbial communities present in the Miocene strata were studied using activity measurements and high throughput sequencing. Biological activity (i.e., carbon dioxide and methane production or methane oxidation) occurred in all of the studied clayey salt and siltstone samples but mainly under water-saturated conditions. Microcosm studies performed at elevated moisture created more convenient conditions for the activity of both methanogenic and methanotrophic microorganisms than the intact sediments. This points to the fact that water activity is an important factor regulating microbial activity in saline subsurface sediments. Generally, respiration was higher in anaerobic conditions and ranged from 36 ± 2 (W2200%t.w.c) to 48 ± 4 (W3200%t.w.c) nmol CO2 gdw−1 day−1. Methanogenic activity was the highest in siltstone and sandstone (W3, 0.025 ± 0.018 nmol CH4 gdw−1 day−1), while aerobic methanotrophic activity was the highest in siltstone with salt and anhydrite (W4, 220 ± 66 nmol CH4 gdw−1 day−1). The relative abundance of CH4-utilizing microorganisms (Methylomicrobium, Methylomonas, Methylocystis) constituted 0.7–3.6% of all taxa. Methanogens were represented by Methanobacterium (0.01–0.5%). The methane-related microbes were accompanied by a significant number of unclassified microorganisms (3–64%) and those of the Bacillus genus (4.5–91%). The stable isotope composition of the CO2 and CH4 trapped in the sediments suggests that methane oxidation could have influenced δ13CCH4, especially in W3 and W4.

Methane and carbon dioxide production in, transport through, and efflux from a peatland

1995 ◽  
Vol 351 (1696) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Concentration Profile ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Peat Deposit ◽  
Small Peak

The top 5-50 cm of a peat deposit above the water table are predominantly oxic while below that the peat is anoxic. The concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 in the peat below 50 cm do not change with the seasons. The concentrations are greatest at or near the base of the peat and decrease quadratically upwards, consistent with a gas production rate (CH 4 + CO 2 ) of 0.03 μ mol cm -3 a -1 and movement by diffusion. The upward efflux of CH 4 , calculated from the concentration profile in deep peat, is 1, and of CO 2 is 17 μ mol m -2 h -1 . Just below the water table there is a small peak in CH 4 concentration. The peak concentrations are greater in summer than in winter. This indicates a second, seasonal and local, but not yet quantified source of CH 4 . Effluxes of CH 4 from the peatland surface range from ordinary summer maxima of about 200 down to winter values less than 10 μ mol m -2 h -1 , and at times negative values. The efflux from hummocks is usually about a third of that from hollows. These results indicate that methane oxidation may be important in hummocks.

Distinguishing human related, biological, and geological carbon dioxide in the air through isotopic surveying

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Capasso ◽  
Roberto M.R. Di Martino ◽  
Antonio Caracausi ◽  
Rocco Favara
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Source Identification ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
Gas Source

<p>Stable isotopes have several applications in geosciences and specifically in volcanology, fluids vs earthquakes studies, environmental surveying, and atmospheric sciences. Both geological and human-related gas sources emit carbon dioxide promoting its molar fraction increase in the lower levels of the atmosphere. The strong dependence of global warming from the carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentration in the air promoted the detailed investigation of the sources of CO<sub>2</sub>. Land use inspection and the correlated increase of air CO<sub>2</sub> concentration proved often the potential identification of the gas sources. Both the precise identification of the gas source and the specific contribution are still open challenges in environmental surveying. Isotopic signature allows both source identification and tracking fate of carbon dioxide (i.e. natural degassing in volcanic and active tectonic regions, photosynthetic fractionation in tree forests, and human-related emissions in urban zones). The isotopic signature allows evaluating the environmental impact of specific actions and better addressing the mitigation efforts by tracking fate of CO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>This study aims to identify the CO<sub>2</sub> sources in different ecosystems by using a laser spectrometer that allowed to determine rapidly and with high precision the isotope composition of CO<sub>2</sub> in the space and/or at high frequency (up to 1Hz). Various environments include both volcanic, seismic and urban zones because of their strong effects on the low levels of the atmosphere were considered, showing how this kind of instruments can disclose new horizons, in many different applications and especially in the time domain. In the considered zones, both the anthropogenic and geological sources caused the increases of CO<sub>2</sub> molar fraction in the last few centuries. Suitable case studies were: i) the air CO<sub>2</sub> surveying at Palermo; ii) the soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands - Italy), and iii) the punctual vent CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Umbertide (Perugia - Italy).</p><p>The results of this study show detailed investigation of both sources and fate of the CO<sub>2</sub> in various environments. The results of the isotope surveying in Palermo show that air CO<sub>2</sub> correlated with human activities (i.e. house heating, urban mobility, and landfill gas emissions). Comparison with air CO<sub>2</sub> at Umbertide shows the greater contribution of the geogenic reservoir near the active fault of Alto Tiberina Valley. Volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> distinguished from biological CO<sub>2</sub> by different isotopic signature in the soil gases of Vulcano. The soil CO<sub>2</sub> partitioning at the settled zone of Vulcano Porto occurred through both gas source identification and data interpretation through a specifically designed isotopic mixing model.</p><p>This study provides several innovative experimental solutions that are suitable to understand the complexity of carbon cycle and unexplored so far environmental scenarios.</p>

A Three-Phase Study on Preflush Stage in Sandstone Acidizing: Experimental and Modeling Analysis of Evolved Carbon Dioxide in a Hydrocarbon and Aqueous Environment

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Sajjaat Muhemmed ◽  
Harish Kumar ◽  
Nicklaus Cairns ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Carbonate Mineral ◽  
Carbonate Minerals ◽  
Oil Saturation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Water Saturated

Summary Limited studies have been conducted in understanding the mechanics of preflush stages in sandstone-acidizing processes. Among those conducted in this area, all efforts have been directed toward singular aqueous-phase scenarios. Encountering 100% water saturation (Sw) in the near-wellbore region is seldom the case because hydrocarbons at residual or higher saturations can exist. Carbonate-mineral dissolution, being the primary objective of the preflush stage, results in carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. This can lead to a multiphase presence depending on the conditions in the porous medium, and this factor has been unaccounted for in previous studies under the assumption that all the evolved CO2 is dissolved in the surrounding solutions. The performance of a preflush stage changes in the presence of multiphase environments in the porous media. A detailed study is presented on the effects of evolved CO2 caused by carbonate-mineral dissolution, and its ensuing activity during the preflush stages in matrix acidizing of sandstone reservoirs. Four Carbon Tan Sandstone cores were used toward the purpose of this study, of which two were fully water saturated and the remaining two were brought to initial water saturation (Swi) and residual oil saturation to waterfloods (Sorw) before conducting preflush-stage experiments. The preflush-stage fluid, 15 wt% hydrochloric acid (HCl), was injected in the concerning cores while maintaining initial pore pressures of 1,200 psi and constant temperatures of 150°F. A three-phase-flow numerical-simulation model coupled with chemical-reaction and structure-property modeling features is used to validate the conducted preflush-stage coreflood experiments. Initially, the cores are scanned using computed tomography (CT) to accurately characterize the initial porosity distributions across the cores. The carbonate minerals present in the cores, namely calcite and dolomite, are quantified experimentally using X-ray diffraction (XRD). These measured porosity distributions and mineral concentrations are populated across the core-representative models. The coreflood effluents’ calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, which are acid/carbonate-mineral-reaction products, as well as spent-HCl concentrations were measured. The pressure drop across the cores was logged during the tests. These parameters from all the conducted coreflood tests were used for history matching using the numerical model. The calibrated numerical model was then used to understand the physics involved in this complex subsurface process. In fully water-saturated cores, a major fraction of unreacted carbonate minerals still existed even after 40 pore volumes (PV) of preflush acid injection. Heterogeneity is induced as carbonate-mineral dissolution progresses within the core, creating paths of least resistance, leading to the preferential flow of the incoming fresh acid. This leads to regions of carbonate minerals being untouched during the preflush stimulation stage. A power-law trend, P = aQb, is observed between the stabilized pressure drops at each sequential acid-injection rate vs. the injection rates, where P is the pressure drop across the core, Q is the sequential flow rate, and a and b are constants, with b < 1. An ideal maximum injection rate can be deduced to optimize the preflush stage toward efficient carbonate-mineral dissolution in the damaged zone. An average of 25% recovery of the oil in place (OIP) was seen from preflush experiments conducted on cores with Sorw. In cores with Swi, the oil saturation was reduced during the preflush stage to a similar value as in the cores with Sorw. The oil-phase-viscosity reduction caused by CO2 dissolution in oil and the increase in saturation and permeability to the oil phase resulting from oil swelling by CO2 are inferred as the main mechanisms for any additional oil production beyond residual conditions during the preflush stage. The potential of evolved CO2, a byproduct of the sandstone-acidizing preflush stage, toward its contribution in swelling the surrounding oil, lowering its viscosity, and thus mobilizing the trapped oil has been depicted in this study

scholarly journals Role of Landfill Cover in Reducing Methane Emission

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucheng Cao ◽  
Ewelina Staszewska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Landfill Cover ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Engineered Landfill

Abstract Uncontrolled emissions of landfill gas may contribute significantly to climate change, since its composition represents a high fraction of methane, a greenhouse gas with 100- year global warming potential 25 times that of carbon dioxide. Landfill cover could create favourable conditions for methanotrophy (microbial methane oxidation), an activity of using bacteria to oxidize methane to carbon dioxide. This paper presents a brief review of methanotrophic activities in landfill cover. Emphasis is given to the effects of cover materials, environmental conditions and landfill vegetation on the methane oxidation potential, and to their underlying effect mechanisms. Methanotrophs communities and methane oxidation kinetics are also discussed. Results from the overview suggest that well-engineered landfill cover can substantially increase its potential for reducing emissions of methane produced in landfill to the atmosphere.

Isotope composition of carbon dioxide and methane in a tropical urban atmosphere

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 624-643
Author(s):  
Kevin Carballo-Chaves ◽  
Mario Villalobos-Forbes ◽  
Germain Esquivel-Hernández ◽  
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Urban Atmosphere

Local vasodilator action of carbon dioxide on blood vessels of the hand

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Diji
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasodilator Action ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Heat Elimination

Immersion of the hand in water saturated with carbon dioxide causes an increase of about 40% in the rate of heat elimination to water at 29℃. This indicates a local vasodilatation of the resistance blood vessels. Submitted on July 28, 1958

Rapid and Precise Carbon Dioxide Clumped Isotope Composition Analysis by Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nelson ◽  
Zhennan Wang ◽  
David Dettman ◽  
Barry McManus ◽  
Jay Quade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Infrared Laser ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Differential Absorption ◽  
Clumped Isotope

<p>Carbon dioxide clumped isotope thermometry is one of the most developed applications of the geochemistry of multiply substituted isotopologues. The degree of heavy isotope clumping (e.g., <sup>16</sup>O<sup>13</sup>C<sup>18</sup>O) beyond an expected random distribution can be related to the temperature of calcite precipitation. This provides an independent temperature estimate that, when combined with carbonate δ<sup>18</sup>O values, can constrain paleowater δ<sup>18</sup>O values. However, the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to do these measurements remains relatively rare because it is time-consuming and costly. We have developed an isotope ratio laser spectrometry method using tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) and describe our latest results using both gaseous carbon dioxide samples and CO<sub>2</sub> derived from carbonate minerals. The TILDAS instrument has two continuous wave lasers to directly and simultaneously measure four isotopologues involved in the <sup>16</sup>O<sup>13</sup>C<sup>18</sup>O equilibrium calculation. Because each isotopologue is independently resolved, this approach does not have to correct for isobaric peaks. The gas samples are trapped in a low volume (~250 ml) optical multi-pass cell with a path length of 36 meters. Raw data are collected at 1.6 kHz, providing 96,000 peak-area measurements of each CO<sub>2</sub> isotopologue per minute. With a specially designed sampling system, each sample measurement is bracketed with measurements of a working reference gas, and a precision of 0.01‰ is achieved within 20 minutes, based on four repeated measurements. The total sample size needed for a complete measurement is approximately 15 μmol of CO<sub>2</sub>, or 1.5 mg of calcite equivalent. TILDAS reported ∆<sub>16O13C18O</sub> values show a linear relationship with theoretical calculations, with a very weak dependence on bulk isotope composition. The performance of the TILDAS system demonstrated in this study is competitive with the best IRMS systems and surpasses typical IRMS measurements in several key respects, such as measurement duration and isobaric interference problems. This method can easily be applied more widely in stable isotope geochemistry by changing spectral regions and laser configurations, leading to rapid and high precision (0.01‰) measurement of conventional stable isotope ratios and δ<sup>17</sup>O in CO<sub>2</sub> gas samples.</p>

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