scholarly journals Thermal and Oxygen Flight Sensitivity in Ageing Drosophila melanogaster Flies: Links to Rapamycin-Induced Cell Size Changes

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Ewa Szlachcic ◽  
Marcin Czarnoleski
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Oxygen Conditions

Ectotherms can become physiologically challenged when performing oxygen-demanding activities (e.g., flight) across differing environmental conditions, specifically temperature and oxygen levels. Achieving a balance between oxygen supply and demand can also depend on the cellular composition of organs, which either evolves or changes plastically in nature; however, this hypothesis has rarely been examined, especially in tracheated flying insects. The relatively large cell membrane area of small cells should increase the rates of oxygen and nutrient fluxes in cells; however, it does also increase the costs of cell membrane maintenance. To address the effects of cell size on flying insects, we measured the wing-beat frequency in two cell-size phenotypes of Drosophila melanogaster when flies were exposed to two temperatures (warm/hot) combined with two oxygen conditions (normoxia/hypoxia). The cell-size phenotypes were induced by rearing 15 isolines on either standard food (large cells) or rapamycin-enriched food (small cells). Rapamycin supplementation (downregulation of TOR activity) produced smaller flies with smaller wing epidermal cells. Flies generally flapped their wings at a slower rate in cooler (warm treatment) and less-oxygenated (hypoxia) conditions, but the small-cell-phenotype flies were less prone to oxygen limitation than the large-cell-phenotype flies and did not respond to the different oxygen conditions under the warm treatment. We suggest that ectotherms with small-cell life strategies can maintain physiologically demanding activities (e.g., flight) when challenged by oxygen-poor conditions, but this advantage may depend on the correspondence among body temperatures, acclimation temperatures and physiological thermal limits.

Evaluation of undersized bioretention stormwater control measures for treatment of highway bridge deck runoff

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Luell ◽  
W. F. Hunt ◽  
R. J. Winston
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Phosphorus Species ◽  
Stormwater Control Measures ◽  
Stormwater Control

Two grassed bioretention cells were constructed in the easement of a bridge deck in Knightdale, North Carolina, USA, in October, 2009. One was intentionally undersized (‘small’), while the other was full sized (‘large’) per current North Carolina standards. The large and small cells captured runoff from the 25- and 8-mm events, respectively. Both bioretention cells employed average fill media depths of 0.65 m and internal water storage (IWS) zones of 0.6 m. Flow-proportional, composite water quality samples were collected and analyzed for nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and TSS. During 13 months of data collection, the large cell's median effluent concentrations and loads were less than those from the small cell. The small cell's TN and TSS load reductions were 84 and 50%, respectively, of those achieved by the large cell, with both cells significantly reducing TN and TSS. TP loads were not significantly reduced by either cell, likely due to low TP concentrations in the highway runoff which may have approached irreducible levels. Outflow pollutant loads from the large and small cell were not significantly different from one another for any of the examined pollutants. The small cell's relative performance provides support for retrofitting undersized systems in urbanized areas where there is insufficient space available for conventional full-sized stormwater treatment systems.

scholarly journals Small Cell Size Circulating Aneuploid Cells as a Biomarker of Prognosis in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hong ◽  
Jiahui Si ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
Jianzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Small Cell Size

ObjectiveThe size distribution of circulating aneuploid cells (CACs) and its clinical significance were investigated in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and MethodsA total of 50 patients with resectable NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Blood samples (50 pre-surgery and 35 post-surgery) were collected and used for the detection of CAC chromosome 8 heteroploidy through the subtraction enrichment and immunostaining fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH) method.ResultsLess than 20% small cell size and more than 80% large cell size CACs were detected. Karyotypes, including triploid, tetraploid, and multiploid, had varying distributions. The triploid subtype accounted for the majority of small cell size CACs, whereas the multiploid subtype accounted for the majority of large cell size CACs. We found that total small cell size and triploid small cell size CACs, but not large cell size CACs, derived from pre-surgery samples, were associated with shorter disease-free survival. Moreover, total small cell size and triploid small cell size CACs were associated with higher TNM stage and recurrence. Nevertheless, the variation between pre- and post-surgery CACs was not related to survival among patients with resectable NSCLC.ConclusionsPre-surgery small cell size CACs, especially the triploid subtype, could be regarded as a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with resectable NSCLC.

Biphasic Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Near-Tetraploidy and Immunophenotypic Transformation

2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-451
Author(s):  
Marwa Imkie ◽  
Marilyn K. Davis ◽  
Diane L. Persons ◽  
Mark T. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Nuclear Area ◽  
Dna Index ◽  
Cell Region ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract This report describes a case of acute myeloid leukemia (subtype M1) with biphasic morphology. The bone marrow biopsy showed 2 distinct regions of blasts, one containing large cells and the other small cells. Morphometric and DNA ploidy analysis showed that the mean nuclear area and mean DNA index for the large cell region were 2-fold higher than those for the small cell region. Cytogenetic analysis showed an abnormal near-tetraploid clone. The tumor relapsed following aggressive therapy. The cells from the relapse specimen were similar to the original small cell region with respect to nuclear area and DNA index; however, there was immunophenotypic transformation with gain of CD7 and gain of CD56. Cytogenetically, the relapse specimen showed no evidence of the near-tetraploid clone, but instead had a previously unidentified abnormal clone containing 46 chromosomes and structural abnormalities of 2q and 7q. Biphasic morphology in acute myeloid leukemia may be predictive of a near-tetraploid subclone and immunophenotypic transformation.

Spontaneous electrical activity and interaction of large and small cells in cardiac ganglion of the crab, Portunus sanguinolentus

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tazaki ◽  
I. M. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Current Passing ◽  
Spontaneous Electrical Activity ◽  
Slow Depolarization

1. Semi-isolated preparations of the nine-celled cardiac ganglion of the crab, Portunus sanguinolentus, were studied electrophysiologically, using simultaneous recording from extracellular and two or three intracellular electrodes. Nine penetrations of small cells were achieved. 2. Three large (80 x 120 micron) cells lie near the anterior end of the 5-mm main trunk; two large and four small (less than 50 micron) cells at the posterior end. Large-cell axons pass along the main trunk and then exit to innervate cardiac muscle; small-cell axons do not leave the ganglion. 3. The semi-isolated ganglion produces spontaneous electrical activity organized into regularly patterned, rhythmic bursts of large- and small-cell impulses recurring at rates of 0.3-0.6/s and lasting 500-800 ms. Small impulse activity commences and ends each burst. Small cells fire trains during the burst, but impulses are not synchronized among them. Large-cell trains are synchronous, are at about one-half the frequency, and have fewer impulses than small-cell trains. 4. Intracellular recordings from small cells show a slow, pacemaker depolarization from a maximum membrane potential of -54 mV leading with only a slight inflection at ca. -50 mV to a depolarized plateau at ca. -40 mV; nonovershooting impulses are superimposed on this but cease before it repolarizes. Impulses, therefore, arise at a site distant from the soma and do not invade it. Deflections suggesting synaptic potentials are not seen. 5. Intracellular recordings from large cells show complex depolarizations corresponding to extracellularly recorded bursts. These represent excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) corresponding with individual small-cell impulses, attenuated, non-overshooting spikes, and an underlying slow depolarization; usually no pacemaker depolarization is apparent between bursts. Chemically mediated transmission is probable for the EPSPs because they show delay, increase in amplitude with hyperpolarization, sometimes show facilitation, and are reduced in saline having one-third Ca, 3 x Mg. 6. EPSPs, impulses, and the slow depolarization occur synchronously among the large cells. Potentials recorded from posterior cells are attenuated and slower than those of the anterior cells. This is interpreted to reflect sites of occurrence more distant from the soma in the posterior than in the anterior cells. Impulses do not invade the somata. 7. Intracellular recordings from large-cell axons 4 mm from the soma show overshooting action potentials arising sharply from a base line. EPSPs are absent or highly attenuated and there is little underlying depolarization (less than 2 mV). 8. Current passing with electrodes intracellular to two cells has established directly that all large cells are electrotonically coupled and that an anterior cell and a small cell are coupled. Changes of burst rate during current passing into any large cell indicate that all large cells and small cells are electrotonically coupled. 9...

scholarly journals EWSR1 rearrangement in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is related to classic morphology and the presence of small-cell phenotype

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozidar Kovacevic ◽  
Ana Caramelo ◽  
Vesna Skuletic ◽  
Snezana Cerovic ◽  
Catarina Eloy
Keyword(s):  
Small Cell ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Microcarcinoma ◽  
Frequent Event ◽  
Ewsr1 Rearrangement ◽  
Classical Pattern

The EWSR1 rearrangements with unknown genes were detected in a high percentage of classic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The small-cell carcinoma of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor elements (CEFTE) typically presents with EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement suggesting the possible role of EWSR-FLI1 translocation in the loss of thyroid differentiation and acquisition of a small-cell phenotype. In order to determine the frequency and association of EWSR1 rearrangements, particularly the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion with clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (m-PTC) and the presence of small cells, we analyzed a series of 99 m-PTCs using the fluorescence in situ hybridization method.  Ninety cases (90.9%) of m-PTC were positive for small cells. This group of m-PTC has shown more often invasive growth, lymphatics invasion, and moderate/extended intratumoral fibrosis. Three cases out of 99 were inconclusive for EWSR1 rearrangement. Eighty-nine (92.7%) and twenty-seven (28.1%) out of 96 m-PTC cases were positive for EWSR1 rearrangement and EWSR1-FLI1 fusion, respectively. m-PTC with classical architectural pattern presented more frequently with EWSR1 rearrangement relative to m-PTC with other patterns (p = 0.005). Other clinicopathological features were not related to the presence of EWSR1 rearrangement or EWSR1-FLI1 fusion. The percentage of small cells present significantly correlated with the percentage of cells positive for EWSR1-FLI1 fusion (p = 0.05) and EWSR1 rearrangement (p <0.001). EWSR1-FLI1 fusion is not rare in m-PTC and it is associated with the acquisition of small-cell phenotype. The EWSR1 gene rearrangement is a frequent event in m-PTC and is related to the classical pattern of m-PTC.

scholarly journals Hox dosage contributes to flight appendage morphology in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Paul ◽  
Guillaume Giraud ◽  
Katrin Domsch ◽  
Marilyne Duffraisse ◽  
Frédéric Marmigère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Hox Proteins ◽  
Spatial Expression ◽  
Flying Insects

AbstractFlying insects have invaded all the aerial space on Earth and this astonishing radiation could not have been possible without a remarkable morphological diversification of their flight appendages. Here, we show that characteristic spatial expression profiles and levels of the Hox genes Antennapedia (Antp) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) underlie the formation of two different flight organs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We further demonstrate that flight appendage morphology is dependent on specific Hox doses. Interestingly, we find that wing morphology from evolutionary distant four-winged insect species is also associated with a differential expression of Antp and Ubx. We propose that variation in the spatial expression profile and dosage of Hox proteins is a major determinant of flight appendage diversification in Drosophila and possibly in other insect species during evolution.

scholarly journals 51 Small cell/lymphohistiocytic morphology is associated with CD8 positivity, retained T cell markers, a trend of decreased PD-L1 expression, but not outcome in adults with ALK+ ALCL

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A54-A54
Author(s):  
Mahsa Khanlari ◽  
Shaoying Li ◽  
Roberto N Miranda ◽  
Swaminathan Iyer ◽  
Cameron Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
World Health ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Large Cell Lymphoma

BackgroundSeveral morphologic patterns of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are recognized: common, small cell, lymphohistiocytic, Hodgkin-like, and composite patterns.1 Small cell (SC) and lymphohistiocytic (LH) patterns are thought to be closely associated with poorer outcome in children with ALK+ ALCL.2 However, the clinicopathologic and prognostic features of SC/LH patterns of ALK+ ALCL are not yet reported in adults. Recently, we found PD-L1 expression in a large subset of ALK+ ALCL cases, however, PD-L1 expression in SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALCL has not been reported.MethodsAmong 102 adult patients with ALK+ ALCL seen at our institution from January 1, 2007 through August 30, 2018, 18 (18%) cases had a SC and/or LH pattern. The clinical, pathologic, and outcome data were compared between SC/LH and non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL cases using Fisher’s exact test. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.ResultsThere were no significant differences in clinical features including age, gender, nodal versus extranodal involvement, B symptoms, stage, leukocytosis/lymphocytosis, and serum LDH levels between patients with SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL. Compared to non-SC/LH cases, SC/LH ALCL was more often positive for CD2 (92% vs. 36%, p = 0.0007), CD3 (81% vs. 15%, p = 0.0001), CD7 (80% vs. 37%, p = 0.03), and CD8 (54% vs. 7%, p = 0.0006). SC/LH ALCL showed a trend of decreased PD-L1 expression than non-SC/LH cases (24% vs. 46%, p = 0.11). There were no significant differences in the expression of CD4, CD5, CD25, CD43, CD45, CD56, TCR A/B, TCR G/D, cytotoxic markers, EMA, Ki-67 proliferation index. The induction chemotherapy and response rate in patients with SC/LH ALK+ ALCL were similar to patients with non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL. After a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range, 0.3–224 months), there was no significant difference in OS between patients with SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL (p = 0.88).ConclusionsIn adults with ALK+ALCL, the SC/LH morphologic pattern is associated with a CD8+ T cell immunophenotype and retention of expression of T cell markers (CD2, CD3, and CD7). The trend of decreased PD-L1 expression in SC/LH ALCL suggests that these patients may not be ideal candidates for PD-L1 immunotherapy. The SC/LH patterns of ALK+ ALCL have no impact on the prognosis of adult patients which is in contrast to the reported association of the SC/LH patterns with poorer outcome in children with ALK+ ALCL.Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Approval number: PA16-0897ReferencesSwerdlow SH, Campo E, The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood 2016;127:2375–2390.Brugières L, Deley MC, CD30 (+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children: Analysis of 82 patients enrolled in two consecutive studies of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Blood 1998;92:3591–3598.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Wi-Fi Offloading and Cooperation in Small-Cell Network

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1493
Author(s):  
Ayesha Ayub ◽  
Sobia Jangsher ◽  
M. Majid Butt ◽  
Abdur Rahman Maud ◽  
Farrukh A. Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Rate Enhancement ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Small Cell Network ◽  
User Throughput ◽  
Average User ◽  
Cell Cooperation

Small cells deliver cost-effective capacity and coverage enhancement in a cellular network. In this work, we present the interplay of two technologies, namely Wi-Fi offloading and small-cell cooperation that help in achieving this goal. Both these technologies are also being considered for 5G and B5G (Beyond 5G). We simultaneously consider Wi-Fi offloading and small-cell cooperation to maximize average user throughput in the small-cell network. We propose two heuristic methods, namely Sequential Cooperative Rate Enhancement (SCRE) and Sequential Offloading Rate Enhancement (SORE) to demonstrate cooperation and Wi-Fi offloading, respectively. SCRE is based on cooperative communication in which a user data rate requirement is satisfied through association with multiple small-cell base stations (SBSs). However, SORE is based on Wi-Fi offloading, in which users are offloaded to the nearest Wi-Fi Access Point and use its leftover capacity when they are unable to satisfy their rate constraint from a single SBS. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to switch between the two schemes (cooperation and Wi-Fi offloading) to ensure maximum average user throughput in the network. This is called the Switching between Cooperation and Offloading (SCO) algorithm and it switches depending upon the network conditions. We analyze these algorithms under varying requirements of rate threshold, number of resource blocks and user density in the network. The results indicate that SCRE is more beneficial for a sparse network where it also delivers relatively higher average data rates to cell-edge users. On the other hand, SORE is more advantageous in a dense network provided sufficient leftover Wi-Fi capacity is available and more users are present in the Wi-Fi coverage area.

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