scholarly journals Analysis of the Microbial Intestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens during the Rearing Period

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Alessandro Stamilla ◽  
Susana Ruiz-Ruiz ◽  
Alejandro Artacho ◽  
Javier Pons ◽  
Antonino Messina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Proximal Intestine

Gut microbiota contributes to animal health. However, identifying which microorganisms or associated functions are involved remains, still, difficult to assess. In the present study, the microbiota of healthy broiler chickens, under controlled diet and farm conditions, was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in four intestine segments and at four ages. In detail, 210 Ross-308 male chickens were raised according to the EU guidelines and fed on a commercial diet. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum microbiota were analyzed at 11, 24, 35, and 46 days of life. Although the microbial composition was revealed as homogeneous 11 days after chicks hatched, it was found to be similar in the proximal intestine segments and different in ileum and caecum, where almost the same genera and species were detected with different relative abundances. Although changes during the later growth stage were revealed, each genus remained relatively unchanged. Lactobacillus mostly colonized the upper tract of the intestine, whereas the Escherichia/Shigella genus the ileum. Clostridium and Bacteroides genera were predominant in the caecum, where the highest richness of bacterial taxa was observed. We also analyze and discuss the predicted role of the microbiota for each intestine segment and its potential involvement in nutrient digestion and absorption.

scholarly journals Diversity, Composition and Functional Inference of Gut Microbiota in Indian Cabbage white Pieris canidia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jianqing Zhu ◽  
Jie Fang ◽  
Li Shen ◽  
Shuojia Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Functional Inference ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Insect Fitness

We characterized the gut microbial composition and relative abundance of gut bacteria in the larvae and adults of Pieris canidia by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota structure was similar across the life stages and sexes. The comparative functional analysis on P. canidia bacterial communities with PICRUSt showed the enrichment of several pathways including those for energy metabolism, immune system, digestive system, xenobiotics biodegradation, transport, cell growth and death. The parameters often used as a proxy of insect fitness (development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, adult survival rate and weight of 5th instars larvae) showed a significant difference between treatment group and untreated group and point to potential fitness advantages with the gut microbiomes in P. canidia. These data provide an overall view of the bacterial community across the life stages and sexes in P. canidia.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota accelerates cisplatin-induced acute liver injury associated with robust inflammation and oxidative stress in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenhai Gong ◽  
Yinglin Feng ◽  
Yunong Zeng ◽  
Huanrui Zhang ◽  
Meiping Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Background Gut microbiota has been reported to be disrupted by cisplatin, as well as to modulate chemotherapy toxicity. However, the precise role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of cisplatin hepatotoxicity remains unknown. Methods We compared the composition and function of gut microbiota between mice treated with and without cisplatin using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and via metabolomic analysis. For understanding the causative relationship between gut dysbiosis and cisplatin hepatotoxicity, antibiotics were administered to deplete gut microbiota and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed before cisplatin treatment. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis showed that cisplatin administration caused gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Gut microbiota ablation by antibiotic exposure protected against the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Interestingly, mice treated with antibiotics dampened the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation and promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation, resulting in decreased levels of both inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver. FMT also confirmed the role of microbiota in individual susceptibility to cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusions This study elucidated the mechanism by which gut microbiota mediates cisplatin hepatotoxicity through enhanced inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This knowledge may help develop novel therapeutic approaches that involve targeting the composition and metabolites of microbiota.

scholarly journals Deciphering Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Corresponding Genetic and Metabolic Dysregulation in Psoriasis Patients Using Metagenomics Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiju Xiao ◽  
Guangzhong Zhang ◽  
Chunyan Jiang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xiaoxu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

BackgroundIncreasing evidence has shown that alterations in the intestinal microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The existing relevant studies focus on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, but in-depth research on gene functions and comprehensive identification of microbiota is lacking.ObjectivesTo comprehensively identify characteristic gut microbial compositions, genetic functions and relative metabolites of patients with psoriasis and to reveal the potential pathogenesis of psoriasis.MethodsDNA was extracted from the faecal microbiota of 30 psoriatic patients and 15 healthy subjects, and metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, cluster of orthologous groups (COG) annotations, and metabolic analyses were used to indicate relative target genes and pathways to reveal the pathogenesis of psoriasis.ResultsCompared with healthy individuals, the gut microbiota of psoriasis patients displayed an alteration in microbial taxa distribution, but no significant difference in microbial diversity. A distinct gut microbial composition in patients with psoriasis was observed, with an increased abundance of the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia and genera Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Megamonas and Roseburia and a decreased abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota and Proteobacteria and genera Prevotella, Alistipes, and Eubacterium. A total of 134 COGs were predicted with functional analysis, and 15 KEGG pathways, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, WNT signaling, apoptosis, bacterial secretion system, and phosphotransferase system, were significantly enriched in psoriasis patients. Five metabolites, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), isovalerate, isobutyrate, hyaluronan and hemicellulose, were significantly dysregulated in the psoriatic cohort. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota, enriched pathways and dysregulated metabolites are relevant to immune and inflammatory response, apoptosis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, gut-brain axis and brain-skin axis that play important roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.ConclusionsA clear dysbiosis was displayed in the gut microbiota profile, genetic functions and relative metabolites of psoriasis patients. This study is beneficial for further understanding the inflammatory pathogenesis of psoriasis and could be used to develop microbiome-based predictions and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Altered Fecal Metabolites and Colonic Glycerophospholipids Were Associated With Abnormal Composition of Gut Microbiota in a Depression Model of Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Cheng Huang ◽  
Xun Yang ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Juncai Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Gas And Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Correlation Analysis Method ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been considered to play an important role in the development of depression, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microbiota and the colon is considered an important site for the interaction between microbiota and host, but few studies have been conducted to evaluate the alterations in the colon. Accordingly, in this study, we established a chronic social defeated stress (CSDS) mice model of depression. We applied 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the gut microbial composition and gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy to identify fecal metabolites and colonic lipids, respectively. Meanwhile, we used Spearman’s correlation analysis method to evaluate the associations between the gut microbiota, fecal metabolites, colonic lipids, and behavioral index. In total, there were 20 bacterial taxa and 18 bacterial taxa significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the CSDS mice. Further, microbial functional prediction demonstrated a disturbance of lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism in the CSDS mice. We also found 20 differential fecal metabolites and 36 differential colonic lipids (in the category of glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids) in the CSDS mice. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that fecal metabolomic signature was associated with the alterations in the gut microbiota composition and colonic lipidomic profile. Of note, three lipids [PC(16:0/20:4), PG(22:6/22:6), and PI(18:0/20:3), all in the category of glycerophospholipids] were significantly associated with anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes in mice. Taken together, our results indicated that the gut microbiota might be involved in the pathogenesis of depression via influencing fecal metabolites and colonic glycerophospholipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Assessing the contribution of biofilm to bacterial growth during stagnation in shower hoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2564-2576
Author(s):  
Hongxi Peng ◽  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Ruowei Wang ◽  
Jingqing Liu ◽  
Wen-Tso Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Abstract Stagnation occurs in building water supplies when there is little or no water usage. As a result, the number of bacteria increase, and this often leads to the deterioration of water quality. Still, the role of biofilm in stagnation remains unclear. This study used shower hoses as the model system and investigated the contribution of biofilm and microbes in fresh water to the bacterial growth in water under different stagnation times from 6 to 24 h. Bacterial counts in water were observed to increase significantly after 12 h stagnation but longer stagnation did not lead to further increase, indicating different mechanisms contributing to bacterial growth during stagnation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Sourcetracker2 further confirmed that the contribution of fresh water to the microbial core community did not increase significantly with stagnation time, whereas the contribution of biofilm increased significantly after 24 h stagnation (53.5%) compared with 6 h stagnation (11.2%) (p < 0.05). The present results differentiated the contribution between planktonic and biofilm phase to the bacterial growth during stagnation, and provided insights into its mechanism. These findings serve as a framework for future development of strategies to manage biological water quality at the distal end of the building water supplies.

scholarly journals Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction Ameliorates Allergic Rhinitis in Rats by Regulating the Gut Microbiota and Th17/Treg Balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Chang-Shun Liu ◽  
Xiao-Han Wei ◽  
Ting Xia ◽  
Fei-Long Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction (MFXD), a Chinese traditional herbal formulation, has been used to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) in China for centuries. However, the mechanism underlying its effect on AR is unclear. This study investigated the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of MFXD on AR. Ovalbumin-induced AR rat models were established, which were then treated with MFXD for 14 days. Symptom scores of AR were calculated. The structure of the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in rat stool and serum was determined by GC-MS. Inflammatory and immunological responses were assessed by histopathology, ELISA, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Our study demonstrated that MFXD reduced the symptom scores of AR and serum IgE and histamine levels. MFXD treatment restored the diversity of the gut microbiota: it increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. MFXD treatment also increased SCFA content, including that of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Additionally, MFXD administration downregulated the number of Th17 cells and the levels of the Th17-related cytokines IL-17 and RORγt. By contrast, there was an increase in the number of Treg cells and the levels of the Treg-related cytokines IL-10 and Foxp3. MFXD and butyrate increased the levels of ZO-1 in the colon. This study indicated MFXD exerts therapeutic effects against AR, possibly by regulating the gut microbial composition and Th17/Treg balance.

scholarly journals Effect of Selected Stilbenoids on Human Fecal Microbiota

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Jaimes ◽  
Veronika Jarosova ◽  
Ondrej Vesely ◽  
Chahrazed Mekadim ◽  
Jakub Mrazek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Genus Clostridium ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Dietary phenolics or polyphenols are mostly metabolized by the human gut microbiota. These metabolites appear to confer the beneficial health effects attributed to phenolics. Microbial composition affects the type of metabolites produced. Reciprocally, phenolics modulate microbial composition. Understanding this relationship could be used to positively impact health by phenolic supplementation and thus create favorable colonic conditions. This study explored the effect of six stilbenoids (batatasin III, oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, resveratrol, thunalbene) on the gut microbiota composition. Stilbenoids were anaerobically fermented with fecal bacteria from four donors, samples were collected at 0 and 24 h, and effects on the microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical tests identified affected microbes at three taxonomic levels. Observed microbial composition modulation by stilbenoids included a decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in the relative abundance of strains from the genus Clostridium, and effects on the family Lachnospiraceae. A frequently observed effect was a further decrease of the relative abundance when compared to the control. An opposite effect to the control was observed for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, whose relative abundance increased. Observed effects were more frequently attributed to resveratrol and piceatannol, followed by thunalbene and batatasin III.

scholarly journals Surface Microflora of Four Smear-Ripened Cheeses

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 6489-6500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Mounier ◽  
Roberto Gelsomino ◽  
Stefanie Goerges ◽  
Marc Vancanneyt ◽  
Katrien Vandemeulebroecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Staphylococcus Equorum ◽  
Dna Restriction ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Mtdna Rflp

ABSTRACT The microbial composition of smear-ripened cheeses is not very clear. A total of 194 bacterial isolates and 187 yeast isolates from the surfaces of four Irish farmhouse smear-ripened cheeses were identified at the midpoint of ripening using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), repetitive sequence-based PCR, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identifying and typing the bacteria and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA RFLP) analysis for identifying and typing the yeast. The yeast microflora was very uniform, and Debaryomyces hansenii was the dominant species in the four cheeses. Yarrowia lipolytica was also isolated in low numbers from one cheese. The bacteria were highly diverse, and 14 different species, Corynebacterium casei, Corynebacterium variabile, Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Arthrobacter sp., Microbacterium gubbeenense, Agrococcus sp. nov., Brevibacterium linens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus luteus, Halomonas venusta, Vibrio sp., and Bacillus sp., were identified on the four cheeses. Each cheese had a more or less unique microflora with four to nine species on its surface. However, two bacteria, C. casei and A. arilaitensis, were found on each cheese. Diversity at the strain level was also observed, based on the different PFGE patterns and mtDNA RFLP profiles of the dominant bacterial and yeast species. None of the ripening cultures deliberately inoculated onto the surface were reisolated from the cheeses. This study confirms the importance of the adventitious, resident microflora in the ripening of smear cheeses.

scholarly journals Findings from the microbiota of tooth apical periodontitis and the search for pathogen forgranulomatous inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Hao Xu ◽  
Minghui Wei ◽  
Yuhong Wang ◽  
Wenzhe Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Neisseria Subflava ◽  
Foot Pad

Abstract BackgroundOrofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a granulomatous inflammation (GI) disease in maxillofacial region, the underlying cause of it remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that tooth apical periodontitis (AP) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of OFG, we aimed here to characterize the AP bacterial signatures of OFG patients, and identify bacteria that may be important pathogens capable of inducing OFG.ResultsThe composition of AP microbiota in OFG cases and common AP controls was compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the results showed a specific AP microbiota signature in OFG patients, characterized by domination of phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria , notably members of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Neisseria. To assess the pathogenicity of the potential pathogens in OFG, we isolated and successfully in vitro cultured Streptococcus, Lactobacillus casei, Neisseria subflava, Veillonella parvula and Actinomyces from OFG patients, and injected the clinical isolates into mice respectively. Ultimately, foot pad injection with N. subflava elicited granulomatous inflammation, and the virulence of N. subflava was verified based on Koch’s postulates.ConclusionsOur findings confirmed the role of bacteria in OFG, and first suggested that the component of the host normal microbiota, N. subflava is likely a pathogen for GI.

scholarly journals Fiber-Rich Barley Increases Butyric Acid-Producing Bacteria in the Human Gut Microbiota

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Shohei Akagawa ◽  
Yuko Akagawa ◽  
Yoko Nakai ◽  
Mitsuru Yamagishi ◽  
Sohsaku Yamanouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
Excessive Inflammatory Response

Butyric acid produced in the intestine by butyric acid-producing bacteria (BAPB) is known to suppress excessive inflammatory response and may prevent chronic disease development. We evaluated whether fiber-rich barley intake increases BAPB in the gut and concomitantly butyric acid in feces. Eighteen healthy adults received granola containing functional barley (BARLEYmax®) once daily for four weeks. Fecal DNA before intake, after intake, and one month after intake was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess microbial diversity, microbial composition at the order level, and the proportion of BAPB. Fecal butyric acid concentration was also measured. There were no significant differences in diversities and microbial composition between samples. The proportion of BAPB increased significantly after the intake (from 5.9% to 8.2%). However, one month after stopping the intake, the proportion of BAPB returned to the original value (5.4%). Fecal butyric acid concentration increased significantly from 0.99 mg/g feces before intake to 1.43 mg/g after intake (p = 0.028), which decreased significantly to 0.87 mg/g after stopping intake (p = 0.008). As BAPB produce butyric acid by degrading dietary fiber, functional barley may act as a prebiotic, increasing BAPB and consequently butyric acid in the intestine.

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