scholarly journals Inherent Safety Assessment of Industrial-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Samir Meramo-Hurtado ◽  
Nicolas Ceballos-Arrieta ◽  
Jose Cortes-Caballero ◽  
Jeffrey Leon-Pulido ◽  
Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Inherent Safety ◽  
Safety Index ◽  
Lemongrass Oil

In this study, the inherent safety analysis of large-scale production of chitosan microbeads modified with TiO2 nanoparticles was developed using the Inherent Safety Index (ISI) methodology. This topology was structured based on two main stages: (i) Green-based synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles based on lemongrass oil extraction and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) hydrolysis, and (ii) Chitosan gelation and modification with nanoparticles. Stage (i) is divided into two subprocesses for accomplishing TiO2 synthesis, lemongrass oil extraction and TiO2 production. The plant was designed to produce 2033 t/year of chitosan microbeads, taking crude chitosan, lemongrass, and TTIP as the primary raw materials. The process was evaluated through the ISI methodology to identify improvement opportunity areas based on a diagnosis of process risks. This work used industrial-scale process inventory data of the analyzed production process from mass and energy balances and the process operating conditions. The ISI method comprises the Chemical Inherent Safety Index (CSI) and Process Inherent Safety Index (PSI) to assess a whole chemical process from a holistic perspective, and for this process, it reflected a global score of 28. Specifically, CSI and PSI delivered scores of 16 and 12, respectively. The analysis showed that the most significant risks are related to TTIP handling and its physical-chemical properties due to its toxicity and flammability. Insights about this process′s safety performance were obtained, indicating higher risks than those from recommended standards.

scholarly journals Following the Thread: Elite Iconography on Weaving Objects at Poggio Civitate (Murlo)

Arts ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Nora K. Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Industrial Scale Production

Evidence for industrial scale production of numerous manufacturing processes has been attested in all phases of occupation at Poggio Civitate (Murlo). A subset of these, tools for the production of textiles and fibers, indicates that textile crafts were manufactured on a large scale as a part of a centralized and organized industry. These industrialized practices occurred within and around the monumental seventh and sixth century BCE complexes which displayed architectural decoration bearing iconographic themes that served to secure the positions of the aristocratic elites. This paper investigates the stamped decoration present on rocchetti and its relationship to the architectural decoration present on the monumental structures of the site. As small moveable objects used by members of the community, rocchetti present an opportunity to investigate the movement of elite images through the non-elite population of a community and their reception of aristocratic ideology presented in monumental structures.

scholarly journals Pratiques de production et caracteristiques physiques et chimiques du shô basi, un couscous de niebe (Vigna unguiculata) produit au Mali

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17509-17528
Author(s):  
A Timitey ◽  
◽  
L Adinsi ◽  
YE Madodé ◽  
F Cissé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
End Products ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

In West Africa, cowpea is processed into several end-products among which the most consumed in Mali is a steamed granulated product known as cowpea couscous or Shô basi, in Bambara. Organoleptic properties ofShô basi are variable, probably as a consequence of the diversity of the practices of production. This study aims at determining these practices, their constraints and the physico-chemical characteristics of Shô basi as sold on Malian markets. A survey using focus group discussions, and involving eighteen (18) Shô basi production cooperatives, each gathering 8 to 32 members, was conducted in South Mali. The information collected was related to cowpea varieties used for production, flow diagrams, constraints of production, and quality criteria of the end-products. Eighteen (18) Shô basi samples were collected from the interviewed groups and used for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of Shô basi. Results showed that most of the processors were married, non or moderately literate and aged between 20 and 59 years women. The main cowpea varieties used for the production are sangaraka and wilibali, both from the species Vigna unguiculata. Both varieties of cowpea are characterized by a white or cream color. Shô basi is produced using a single process with two major technological variants. One involves a wet total dehulling (VDT), whereas the second involves a dry partial dehulling (VDP) of cowpea seeds. Regardless of the technological variant and cowpea variety used, interviewees indicated that a good qualityShô basi must have a light color, a soft mouthfeel texture, a homogeneous granule size and lacking beany flavor. Protein(25,0g/100g) and polyphenol (24,3mg/100g)contents as well as swelling level were similar for Shô basi from both variants. However, Shô basi from technology involving partial dehulling (VDP) was less bright, richer in fiber and minerals, and contained more fine granules thanShô basi involving whole dehulling(VDT). Cowpea dehulling, flour granulation, steam cooking and drying are the mean constraints for quality standardization and large-scale production of Shô basi in Mali.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shrimp Waste Valorization Combining Computer-Aided Simulation and Numerical Descriptive Inherent Safety Technique (NuDIST)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Zuorro ◽  
Daylisney Cassiani-Cassiani ◽  
Demmy A. Meza-González ◽  
Kariana Andrea Moreno-Sader ◽  
Ángel Darío González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Inherent Safety ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Waste Valorization ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Safety Technique ◽  
Shrimp Wastes

Nowadays, inherently safer designs are considered as key priorities to prevent or mitigate serious incidents with devastating consequences. The need for process safety assessment during early design phases has motivated the development of several contributions related to computer-aided assessment methodologies to measure the inherent safety of chemical processes. In this work, the large-scale production of chitosan from shrimp wastes was evaluated from a process safety point of view using the numerical descriptive inherent safety technique (NuDIST). To this end, simulation of the chitosan production was performed using Aspen Plus ® to obtain extended mass and energy balances. The assessment of all the chemicals involved within the process was carried out for the following safety parameters: explosivity (EXP), flammability (FL), and toxicity (TOX). The safety assessment of the process included the parameters of temperature (T), pressure (P), and heat of reaction (HR). The maximum chemical safety score was estimated in 171.01 with ethanol as the main contributor to the parameters of explosivity and flammability. The score associated with operating data was calculated at 209.20 and heat of reaction reported to be the most affecting parameter. The NuDIST score was estimated at 380.20. This NuDIST value revealed the low hazards associated with the handling of substances such as shrimp wastes, chitosan, and water, as well as the non-extreme temperature and pressure conditions. In general, the large-scale production of chitosan from shrimp shells was shown to be an inherently safe alternative of waste valorization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Large-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with Nanoparticles Based on Exergy Analysis

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Meramo-Hurtado ◽  
Adriana Herrera-Barros ◽  
Ángel González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Large Scale Production

Novel technologies for bio-adsorbent production are being evaluated on the lab-scale in order to find the most adequate processing alternative under technical parameters. However, the poor energy efficiency of promising technologies can be a drawback for large-scale production of these bio-adsorbents. In this work, exergy analysis was used as a computer-aided tool to evaluate from the energy point of view, the behavior of three bio-adsorbent production topologies at large scale for obtaining chitosan microbeads modified with magnetic and photocatalytic nanoparticles. The routes were modeled using an industrial process simulation software, based on experimental results and information reported in literature. Mass, energy and exergy balances were performed for each alternative, physical and chemical exergies of streams and chemical species were calculated according to the thermodynamic properties of biomass components and operating conditions of stages. Exergy efficiencies, total process irreversibilities, energy consumption, and exergy destruction were calculated for all routes. Route 2 presents the highest process irreversibilities and route 3 has the highest exergy of utilities. Exergy efficiencies were similar for all simulated cases, which did not allow to choose the best alternative under energy viewpoint. Exergy sinks for each topology were detected. As values of exergy efficiency were under 3%, it was shown that there are process improvement opportunities in product drying stages and washing water recovery for the three routes.

Graphene Production With Stirred Media Mills

2010 ◽  
Vol 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Knieke ◽  
Angela Berger ◽  
Wolfgang Peukert
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Single Layer Graphene ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Graphene Sheets ◽  
Multilayer Graphene ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Graphite Particles ◽  
Media Milling

AbstractSince the discovery of stable graphene sheets by Novoselov und Geim in 2004 the one atom thick carbon material has been attracted great interest because of its outstanding physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Although there had been intensive research to find new ways in the preparation of single-layer graphene sheets in the last few years, especially the large-scale production of graphene still remains challenging. In this paper we present a new approach, which allows the high-yield production of graphene sheets in a simple stirred media milling process. Under mild milling conditions single- and multilayer graphene sheets have been successfully produced from commercial graphite powder in a liquid medium. During the delamination procedure, the graphite particles were stressed between the milling beads. Shear and compressive normal forces can lead under mild milling conditions, i.e. low stress energies, to a continuous mechanical peeling of graphene sheets from the graphite surface. By means of Atomic Force Microscopy a high yield of single- and multilayer graphene sheets was detected. A concentration of exfoliated sheets of 2 wt% starting from a 5 wt% suspension of coarse graphite particles could be determined after a milling time of only 3 h. This concentration is much higher than those, which were reached by most of the known chemical methods. Since stirred media milling can be realized as large-scale process, a high-yield and low-cost production of graphene flakes becomes possible at ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Heterotrophy as a tool to overcome the long and costly autotrophic scale-up process for large scale production of microalgae

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barros ◽  
H. Pereira ◽  
J. Campos ◽  
A. Marques ◽  
J. Varela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Large Scale Production

Abstract Industrial scale-up of microalgal cultures is often a protracted step prone to culture collapse and the occurrence of unwanted contaminants. To solve this problem, a two-stage scale-up process was developed – heterotrophically Chlorella vulgaris cells grown in fermenters (1st stage) were used to directly inoculate an outdoor industrial autotrophic microalgal production unit (2nd stage). A preliminary pilot-scale trial revealed that C. vulgaris cells grown heterotrophically adapted readily to outdoor autotrophic growth conditions (1-m3 photobioreactors) without any measurable difference as compared to conventional autotrophic inocula. Biomass concentration of 174.5 g L−1, the highest value ever reported for this microalga, was achieved in a 5-L fermenter during scale-up using the heterotrophic route. Inocula grown in 0.2- and 5-m3 industrial fermenters with mean productivity of 27.54 ± 5.07 and 31.86 ± 2.87 g L−1 d−1, respectively, were later used to seed several outdoor 100-m3 tubular photobioreactors. Overall, all photobioreactor cultures seeded from the heterotrophic route reached standard protein and chlorophyll contents of 52.18 ± 1.30% of DW and 23.98 ± 1.57 mg g−1 DW, respectively. In addition to providing reproducible, high-quality inocula, this two-stage approach led to a 5-fold and 12-fold decrease in scale-up time and occupancy area used for industrial scale-up, respectively.

Design and Optimization of a Fixed Bed Reactor for Direct Dimethyl Ether Production from Syngas Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Vakili ◽  
Reza Eslamloueyan
Keyword(s):  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Design And Optimization

Abstract Dimethyl ether (DME) is traditionally produced by methanol dehydration in an adiabatic reactor. Recently, a more economical method has been proposed to produce DME in a reactor in which methanol production and dehydration take place simultaneously on a bi-functional catalyst. In the present study, the design and optimization of an industrial scale fixed bed reactor for the direct synthesis of DME from syngas are investigated. A steady state, pseudo-homogeneous model has been applied to simulate the proposed reactor. At first, the preliminary design of the reactor is done based on the reactor design heuristics for industrial reactors. Then, using differential evolution (DE) algorithm as a fast and efficient optimization method, the tentative reactor operating conditions and its internal configuration are optimized. The objective of the optimization is to maximize DME production in each tube of the reactor. The number of tubes, feed inlet and coolant water temperatures are considered as decision variables of the optimization algorithm. At the optimum conditions, the reactor size decreases due to increase of CO conversion and DME productivity in each tube. The results show that the proposed optimum reactor is more economical for large-scale production of DME in comparison to the conventional industrial DME reactor.

scholarly journals Additive Manufactured Large Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Composites with Desired Deformation Ability and Corrosion Resistance

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Luo ◽  
Leilei Xing ◽  
Yidong Jiang ◽  
Ruiwen Li ◽  
Chao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Metallic Glass ◽  
Bulk Metallic Glass ◽  
Metallic Glasses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bulk Metallic Glasses ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Size Limitation ◽  
Deformation Ability

Zr-based bulk metallic glasses have been attracting tremendous interest of researchers because of their unique combination of mechanical and chemical properties. However, their application is limited as large-scale production is difficult due to the limitation of cooling rate. Recently, additive manufacturing technology has been proposed as a new solution for fabricating bulk metallic glasses without size limitation. In this study, selective laser melting technology was used to prepare Zr60Fe10Cu20Al10 bulk metallic glass. The laser parameters for fabricating full dense amorphous specimens were investigated. The mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of the prepared samples were measured by micro-compression and electrochemical corrosion testing, respectively. Lastly, Zr60Fe10Cu20Al10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) with dispersed nano-crystals was made, and good deformation ability was revealed during micro-compression test. The corrosion resistance decreased a bit due to the crystalline phases. The results provide a promising route for manufacturing large and complex bulk metallic glasses with better mechanical property and acceptable corrosion resistance.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Upgrading of a Biodetergent for Application in the Industrial Energy Sector

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Charles Bronzo B. Farias ◽  
Rita de Cássia F. Soares da Silva ◽  
Fabíola Carolina G. Almeida ◽  
Attilio Converti ◽  
Valdemir A. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Stirring Time

In the industries across the petroleum chain and those involved in energy generation, the use of petroderivatives as fuel oils is common. To clean parts, equipment and environments contaminated by hydrocarbons, they use expensive, toxic products, bringing risks to the environment as well as to workers’ health. Thus, the aim of this study was to check the stability of a biodetergent prepared using atoxic substances for large-scale production and industrial energy sector application. The relationship between volume (4 to 10 L) and stirring time (5 to 10 min) of the formulation at 3200 rpm and 80 °C was evaluated. The hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB), long-term stability (365 days), toxicity and efficiency of low-sulfur, viscous fuel oil removal from metal pieces and floors were investigated. The interaction among operating conditions was shown to influence the features of the product, which achieved approximately 100% stability after a stirring time of 7 min. The emulsion HBL index varied between 4.3 and 11.0. The biodetergent maintained its physicochemical properties during its 365 days of storage and showed high efficiency, removing 100% of the OCB1 impregnated on the metallic surfaces and floors tested. The formulation showed reliability in scale up when submitted to the study of physicochemical factors in the productive process, and safe application, by reducing risks for workers’ health and environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document