scholarly journals Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1122
Author(s):  
Catherine Gough ◽  
Ari Sadanandom
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Defence Signalling ◽  
Fine Tune

Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.

scholarly journals Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance Conferred by the Overexpression of Rice RLCK BSR1 Results from an Enhanced Immune Response to Multiple MAMPs

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasukazu Kanda ◽  
Hitoshi Nakagawa ◽  
Yoko Nishizawa ◽  
Takashi Kamakura ◽  
Masaki Mori
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Plants activate their immune system through intracellular signaling pathways after perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases mediate the intracellular signaling downstream of pattern-recognition receptors. BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE 1 (BSR1), a rice (Oryza sativa) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily-VII protein, contributes to chitin-triggered immune responses. It is valuable for agriculture because its overexpression confers strong disease resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, it remains unclear how overexpressed BSR1 reinforces plant immunity. Here we analyzed immune responses using rice suspension-cultured cells and sliced leaf blades overexpressing BSR1. BSR1 overexpression enhances MAMP-triggered production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and transcriptional activation of the defense-related gene in cultured cells and leaf strips. Furthermore, the co-cultivation of leaves with conidia of the blast fungus revealed that BSR1 overexpression allowed host plants to produce detectable oxidative bursts against compatible pathogens. BSR1 was also involved in the immune responses triggered by peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Thus, we concluded that the hyperactivation of MAMP-triggered immune responses confers BSR1-mediated robust resistance to broad-spectrum pathogens.

scholarly journals molecular link from PAMP perception to a MAPK cascade associated with tomato disease resistance

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Sessa ◽  
Gregory B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Map Kinase ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Mapk Cascades

The research problem: The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key mechanism by which plants activate an effective immune response against pathogen attack. MAPK cascades are important signaling components downstream of PRRs that transduce the PAMP signal to activate various defense responses. Preliminary experiments suggested that the receptor-like cytoplasmickinase (RLCK) Mai5 plays a positive role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and interacts with the MAPKKK M3Kε. We thus hypothesized that Mai5, as other RLCKs, functions as a component PRR complexes and acts as a molecular link between PAMP perception and activation of MAPK cascades. Original goals: The central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Mai5 and M3Kε regulate plant immunity. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine the spectrum of PAMPs whose perception is transmitted by M3Kε; 2. Identify plant proteins that act downstream of M3Kε to mediate PTI; 3. Investigate how and where Mai5 interacts with M3Kε in the plant cell; 4. Examine the mechanism by which Mai5 contributes to PTI. Changes in research directions: We did not find convincing evidence for the involvement of M3Kε in PTI signaling and substituted objectives 1 and 3 with research activities aimed at the analysis of transcriptomic profiles of tomato plants during the onset of plant immunity, isolation of the novel tomato PRR FLS3, and investigation of the involvement of the RLCKBSKs in PTI. Main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Functional characterization of Mai5. The function of Mai5 in PTI signaling was demonstrated by testing the effect of silencing the Mai5 gene by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments and in cell death assays. Domains of Mai5 that interact with MAPKKKs and subcellular localization of Mai5 were analyzed in detail. 2. Analysis of transcriptional profiles during the tomato immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae (Pombo et al., 2014). We identified tomato genes whose expression is induced specifically in PTI or in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Thirty ETI-specific genes were examined by VIGS for their involvement in immunity and the MAPKKK EPK1, was found to be required for ETI. 3. Dissection of MAP kinase cascades downstream of M3Kε (Oh et al., 2013; Teper et al., 2015). We identified genes that encode positive (SGT and EDS1) and negative (WRKY1 and WRKY2) regulators of the ETI-associated cell death mediated by M3Kε. In addition, the MKK2 MAPKK, which acts downstream of M3Kε, was found to interact with the MPK3 MAPK and specific MPK3 amino acids involved interaction were identified and found to be required for induction of cell death. We also identified 5 type III effectors of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonaseuvesicatoria that inhibited cell death induced by components of ETI-associated MAP kinase cascades. 4. Isolation of the tomato PRR FLS3 (Hind et al., submitted). FLS3, a novel PRR of the LRR-RLK family that specifically recognizes the flagellinepitope flgII-28 was isolated. FLS3 was shown to bind flgII-28, to require kinase activity for function, to act in concert with BAK1, and to enhance disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. 5. Functional analysis of RLCKs of the brassinosteroid signaling kinase (BSK) family.Arabidopsis and tomato BSKs were found to interact with PRRs. In addition, certain ArabidospsisBSK mutants were found to be impaired in PAMP-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized new molecular components of signaling pathways mediating recognition of invading pathogens and activation of immune responses against them. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease.

scholarly journals Tandem protein kinases emerge as new regulators of plant immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Klymiuk ◽  
Gitta Coaker ◽  
Tzion Fahima ◽  
Curtis Pozniak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Receptor Proteins ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Intracellular Proteins ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plant-pathogen interactions result in disease development in a susceptible host. Plants actively resist pathogens via a complex immune system comprised of both surface-localized receptors that sense the extracellular space as well as intracellular receptors recognizing pathogen effectors. To date, the majority of cloned resistance genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins. Recent discoveries have revealed Tandem Kinase Proteins (TKPs) as another important family of intracellular proteins involved in plant immune responses. Five TKP genes, barley Rpg1 and wheat WTK1 (Yr15), WTK2 (Sr60), WTK3 (Pm24), and WTK4 protect against devastating fungal diseases. Moreover, a large diversity and numerous putative TKPs exist across the plant kingdom. This review explores our current knowledge of TKPs and serves as a basis for future studies that aim to develop and exploit a deeper understanding of innate plant immunity receptor proteins.

scholarly journals In-Silico Characterization and Expression Analysis of NB-ARC Genes in Response to Erwinia mallotivora in Carica papaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 2591-2602
Author(s):  
Nur Syazana Abu Bakar ◽  
Noor Baity Saidi ◽  
Lina Rozano ◽  
Mohd Puad Abdullah ◽  
Suhaina Supian
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Binding Surface ◽  
Transcriptome Database ◽  
Defence Signalling ◽  
In Silico Characterization ◽  
Lrr Domain

Disease resistance in plants is commonly associated with resistance (R) genes that encode nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains that are essential for pathogen recognition and defence signalling. In this study, we identified and analyzed the sequence of putative pathogen-responsive NB-ARC transcripts from Carica papaya transcriptome database, carried out the structural and phylogenetic analysis, and determined the expression profile of the transcripts in C. papaya challenged with Erwinia mallotivora. The findings indicate CpNBS1, the only pathogen-responsive NB-ARC protein identified in this study belongs to the CC-NBS-LRR group. Semi-quantitative PCR showed CpNBS1 was differentially expressed in response to E. mallotivora. Structural analysis of the 4993-Eksotika and 4993-Viorica translated proteins showed striking differences in terms of the number of β-sheets and α-helixes as well their ligand-binding surface, suggesting the role of the LRR domain in determining the specificity of recognition of E. mallotivora effector. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the role of NBS-LRR genes in C. papaya and its implications for enhancing of plant disease resistance through genetic engineering.

scholarly journals Virulence strategies of an insect herbivore and oomycete plant pathogen converge on host E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1 to suppress plant immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Liu ◽  
C.J.G. Lenoir ◽  
T.M.M.M. Amaro ◽  
P.A. Rodriguez ◽  
E. Huitema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Sumo Ligase ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Host Target

AbstractPlant parasites must colonise and reproduce on plants to survive. In most cases, active immune responses, triggered by (conserved) microbe-encoded molecules keep invaders at bay. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are vital for contextual regulation and integration of plant immune responses. Pathogens and pests secrete proteins (effectors) to interfere with plant immunity through modification of host target functions and disruption of immune signalling networks. Importantly, molecular virulence strategies of distinct pathogens converge on a small set of regulators with central roles in plant immunity. The extent of convergence between pathogen and herbivorous insect virulence strategies is largely unexplored. Here we report that effectors from the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, and the major aphid pest, Myzus persicae target the host immune regulator SIZ1, an E3 SUMO ligase. SIZ1-regulated immunity in Arabidopsis against bacterial pathogens is known to require the resistance protein SNC1, and signalling components PAD4 and EDS1. We show that SIZ1 functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity to aphids and an oomycete pathogen. However, this immune regulation is independent of SNC1, PAD4 and EDS1-signalling pointing to the presence of a novel SIZ1-mediated immune signalling route. Our results suggest convergence of distinct pathogen and pest virulence strategies on an E3 SUMO ligase that negatively regulates plant immunity.

scholarly journals Cell wall associated immunity in plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangxue Wan ◽  
Min He ◽  
Qingqing Hou ◽  
Lijuan Zou ◽  
Yihua Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Crop Breeding

AbstractThe plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.

scholarly journals Overexpressed BSR1-Mediated Enhancement of Disease Resistance Depends on the MAMP-Recognition System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5397
Author(s):  
Yasukazu Kanda ◽  
Yoko Nishizawa ◽  
Takashi Kamakura ◽  
Masaki Mori
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Plant Plasma Membrane

Plant plasma membrane-localized receptors recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and activate immune responses via various signaling pathways. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are considered key signaling factors in plant immunity. BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE 1 (BSR1), a rice RLCK, plays a significant role in disease resistance. Overexpression of BSR1 confers strong resistance against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Our recent study revealed that MAMP-triggered immune responses are mediated by BSR1 in wild-type rice and are hyperactivated in BSR1-overexpressing rice. It was suggested that hyperactivated immune responses were responsible for the enhancement of broad-spectrum disease resistance; however, this remained to be experimentally validated. In this study, we verified the above hypothesis by disrupting the MAMP-recognition system in BSR1-overexpressing rice. To this end, we knocked out OsCERK1, which encodes a well-characterized MAMP-receptor-like protein kinase. In the background of BSR1 overaccumulation, the knockout of OsCERK1 nearly abolished the enhancement of blast resistance. This finding indicates that overexpressed BSR1-mediated enhancement of disease resistance depends on the MAMP-triggered immune system, corroborating our previously suggested model.

Novel players fine-tune plant trade-offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Marta Boter ◽  
Roberto Solano
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Feedback Loop ◽  
Fine Tune

Jasmonates (JAs) are essential signalling molecules that co-ordinate the plant response to biotic and abiotic challenges, as well as co-ordinating several developmental processes. Huge progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the components and mechanisms that govern JA perception and signalling. The bioactive form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is perceived by the COI1–JAZ co-receptor complex. JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins also act as direct repressors of transcriptional activators such as MYC2. In the emerging picture of JA-Ile perception and signalling, COI1 operates as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S proteasome, thereby derepressing transcription factors such as MYC2, which in turn activate JA-Ile-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. It is noteworthy that MYCs and different spliced variants of the JAZ proteins are involved in a negative regulatory feedback loop, which suggests a model that rapidly turns the transcriptional JA-Ile responses on and off and thereby avoids a detrimental overactivation of the pathway. This chapter highlights the most recent advances in our understanding of JA-Ile signalling, focusing on the latest repertoire of new targets of JAZ proteins to control different sets of JA-Ile-mediated responses, novel mechanisms of negative regulation of JA-Ile signalling, and hormonal cross-talk at the molecular level that ultimately determines plant adaptability and survival.

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