Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk

Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.

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Contribution of Nanomaterials to the Development of Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Food Products

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors9040069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Valérie Gaudin

Keyword(s):

Signal Amplification ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Food Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Portable Instrumentation ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Antimicrobial Residues

The detection of antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin is of utmost importance. Indeed antimicrobial residues could be present in animal derived food products because of animal treatments for curative purposes or from illegal use. The usual screening methods to detect antimicrobial residues in food are microbiological, immunological or physico-chemical methods. The development of biosensors to propose sensitive, cheap and quick alternatives to classical methods is constantly increasing. Aptasensors are one of the major trends proposed in the literature, in parallel with the development of immunosensors based on antibodies. The characteristics of electrochemical sensors (i.e., low cost, miniaturization, and portable instrumentation) make them very good candidates to develop screening methods for antimicrobial residues in food products. This review will focus on the recent advances in the development of electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products. The contribution of nanomaterials to improve the performance characteristics of electrochemical aptasensors (e.g., Sensitivity, easiness, stability) in the last ten years, as well as signal amplification techniques will be highlighted.

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Real-Time Low-Cost Speed Monitoring and Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor via a Voltage/Frequency Control Approach

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/6913813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Ali Hmidet ◽

Olfa Boubaker

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Induction Motor ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Low Cost ◽

Closed Loop Control ◽

Loop Control ◽

Control Approach ◽

Three Phase ◽

Wide Range ◽

Voltage Frequency

In this paper, a new design of a real-time low-cost speed monitoring and closed-loop control of the three-phase induction motor (IM) is proposed. The proposed solution is based on a voltage/frequency (V/F) control approach and a PI antiwindup regulator. It uses the Waijung Blockset which considerably alleviates the heaviness and the difficulty of the microcontroller’s programming task incessantly crucial for the implementation and the management of such complex applications. Indeed, it automatically generates C codes for many types of microcontrollers like the STM32F4 family, also used in this application. Furthermore, it offers a cost-effective design reducing the system components and increasing its efficiency. To prove the efficiency of the suggested design, not only simulation results are carried out for a wide range of variations in load and reference speed but also experimental assessment. The real-time closed-loop control performances are proved using the aMG SQLite Data Server via the UART port board, whereas Waijung WebPage Designer (W2D) is used for the web monitoring task. Experimental results prove the accuracy and robustness of the proposed solution.

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LZER0: GNSS cost-effective real-time positioning applied to landslide monitoring

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9506 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lavinia Tunini ◽

David Zuliani ◽

Paolo Fabris ◽

Marco Severin

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Single Frequency ◽

Landslide Monitoring ◽

Natural Risk ◽

Near Surface ◽

Landslide Event ◽

Wide Range

The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provide a globally extended dataset of primordial importance for a wide range of applications, such as crustal deformation, topographic measurements, or near surface processes studies. However, the high costs of GNSS receivers and the supporting software can represent a strong limitation for the applicability to landslide monitoring. Low-cost tools and techniques are strongly required to face the plausible risk of losing the equipment during a landslide event.Centro di Ricerche Sismologiche (CRS) of Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale OGS in collaboration with SoluTOP, in the last years, has developed a cost-effective GNSS device, called LZER0, both for post-processing and real-time applications. The aim is to satisfy the needs of both scientific and professional communities which require low-cost equipment to increase and improve the measurements on structures at risk, such as landslides or buildings, without losing precision.The landslide monitoring system implements single-frequency GNSS devices and open source software packages for GNSS positioning, dialoguing through Linux shell scripts. Furthermore a front-end web page has been developed to show real-time tracks. The system allows measuring real-time surface displacements with a centimetre precision and with a cost ten times minor than a standard RTK GPS operational system.This monitoring system has been tested and now applied to two landslides in NE- Italy: one near Tolmezzo municipality and one near Brugnera village. Part of the device development has been included inside the project CLARA 'CLoud plAtform and smart underground imaging for natural Risk Assessment' funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR).

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Description of a High-Profit Combination of Low-Cost Real-Time Survey Management Practices Used to Optimize Reservoir Landing in Unfamiliar Deep Offshore Geological Environment

10.2118/204100-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fabien Momot ◽

Marie-Jocelyn Comte ◽

Chloé Lacaze ◽

Anas Sikal ◽

Efficience Balou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Management Practices ◽

Low Cost ◽

Vertical Displacement ◽

Uncertainty Reduction ◽

Vertical Position ◽

Reservoir Model ◽

Data Set ◽

Wide Range ◽

Operational Time

Abstract After a first part of the drilling campaign, including about 10 wells and branches achieved within two years, the operator started questioning the geological reservoir model and reserves implications for the field Offshore Congo. Considering the potential economic impact of this development, the decision was made to reduce wellbore positioning uncertainty relying on optimization and survey QAQC processes that could be applied without adding cost of extra equipment, operational time or personnel. With more than 10 wells drilled using recent while drilling measurement and directional tools in the same environment, a wide range of wellbore positioning information was available for analysis, post-correction, and geological/reservoir model deeper understanding. Also, investigation was done to recover existing geomagnetic data acquired during the geophysical campaign. Thanks to this extensive data set, enhanced wellbores positioning was implemented using meticulous combination of processes. The "process" overall impact is often underestimated while most of the data is already available. For lateral positioning correction, it included the processing of geomagnetic IFR data over the Moho field associated to Multi Station Correction. For vertical repositioning, BHA sag correction was applied with scrutinous assessment of residual sag uncertainty and detailed analysis of continuous survey data. This robust, cost-effective, and valuable solution was chosen to be applied by the operator in the Moho field. The process was first applied post-drilling to evaluate the level of improvement that could be brought to another well also exposed to challenging trajectory context (ERD 2 with reduced target 25 × 50 m at almost 8000m MD/RT). It confirmed that the achievable uncertainty reduction would meet well objectives without adding any risk or operational time nor jeopardizing wellbore positioning and collision avoidance. Thus, it brought up to 50 to 60% of uncertainty reduction and about 30m lateral and 3m vertical displacement. The reduction of the uncertainty and trajectory adjustment allowed to enhance geologic context understanding. The vertical position of the well was offset following this revision. This had a 5% consequence in term of oil layer thickness for this well. Then, the team designed and rolled out to the operator and contractors an execution strategy and operational workflow including remote monitoring with near real-time survey QAQC that would ensure the best correction process customized for the specific drilling challenges. This monitoring enabled reducing the ellipsoid to ~20 by 50m radius at TD = 7618m. This allowed entering in the reservoir at the exact top of the structure, behind the fault that was the optimum in term of reserves and secured 90% of potential reserves of this well. The operator's choice of valuing the available information to enhance their asset is a very interesting way to optimize the past efforts put in wellbore positioning to face the current economically constrained environment.

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Polyaniline as a Sacrificing Template for the Synthesis of Ultra-small Co3O4 Nanoparticles for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Methotrexate (MTX)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-248125/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Irum Naz Qureshi ◽

Aneela Tahira ◽

Khoulwod Aljadoa ◽

Ali M. Alsalme ◽

Asma A. Al-Othman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Low Cost ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Co3o4 Nanoparticles ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Wide Range ◽

Average Size

Abstract The successful monitoring of the anticancer drugs using nanostructured materials is very important but very challenging task. Beside this, uniform and ultra-small size of metal oxide nanoparticles is highly needed in order to enhance the catalytic activity which could result into the development of sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for methotrexate (MTX). For this purpose, we have used a simple approach involving the polyaniline (PANI) as a sacrificing template for the growth of uniform and ultra-small Co3O4 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The structure, shape, composition and phase purity were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. The average size of Co3O4 nanoparticles was below 50 nm. The cubic crystallography is confirmed for the Co3O4 nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of PANI assisted Co3O4 nanoparticles for MTX drug was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) of pH 3.5. The PANI assisted Co3O4 nanoparticles were found highly sensitive for the MTX drug and exhibited a linear range from 5-75µM of MTX and limit of detection for the modified electrode was estimated 1.98µM. The proposed electrochemical sensor is low cost, simple, highly sensitive and selective towards MTX detection. The synthetic methodology using the conducting polymer as a sacrificing template for the growth of controlled and ultra-small Co3O4 nanoparticles can be utilized for the wide range of electrochemical applications.

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Viaxl: A Solution of a Low-Cost Real-Time Visual Accelerometer Based on Laser Speckle Optical Flow Detection

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20247033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 7033

Author(s):

Zhitian Li ◽

Wuhao Yang ◽

Xingyin Xiong ◽

Zheng Wang ◽

Xudong Zou

Keyword(s):

Optical Flow ◽

Real Time ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Low Cost ◽

Laser System ◽

Laser Speckle ◽

Vibration Monitoring ◽

Acceleration Measurement ◽

Wide Range ◽

Flow Detection

Non-contact and non-destructive acceleration measurement is receiving considerable attention due to their low cost, flexibility, and simplicity of implementation, as well as their excellent performance in some emerging applications such as medical electronics applications, vibration monitoring, and some other special scenarios. In this paper, a visual accelerometer system based on laser speckle optical flow detection named Viaxl is proposed. Compared with the conventional non-contact acceleration measurement method based on a laser system, Viaxl has moderate and stable performance with the advantages of low cost and simplicity of implementation. Experiment results demonstrate that Viaxl, which consists of a commercial camera and a low-cost laser pointer, can achieve real-time, non-contact acceleration measurement, and confirm the basic system performance of Viaxl: a measurement nonlinearity better than 1.3%, up to 31 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and 1150 Hz theoretic bandwidth; this demonstrates the huge potential of Viaxl in a wide range of applications, and provides a new possible technical method for non-contact acceleration detection.

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Adsorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions Using Low cost Materials-A Review

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.2.19995 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.2) ◽

pp. 26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Padmaja ◽

R. Bhavani ◽

R. Pamila

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Nano Materials ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Multiple Heavy Metals

With the onset of industrialization, a lot of anthropogenic sources of cadmium, including industrial emissions, application of fertilizers and sewage sludge to farm land has lead to the contamination of water bodies, and has increased cadmium uptake by agricultural crops, grown for human consumption. Cadmium when present, even at low concentrations may pose serious health as well as environmental hazards. The use of various materials has been widely investigated as a replacement of recent expensive methods for removing cadmium from water and wastewater. Plant based natural materials, agricultural products, nano materials and industrial wastes are efficiently used as low-cost adsorbents. Until now, most of the researchers have attempted to review the literature for multiple heavy metals. In the current review, an elaborate list of literature has been compiled to provide information on a wide range of natural as well as modified adsorbent materials for the removal of Cadmium from wastewater.

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A Simple Wireless Sensor Node System for Electricity Monitoring Applications: Design, Integration, and Testing with Different Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18113733 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 3733 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zongxian Yang ◽

Sid Zarabi ◽

Egon Fernandes ◽

Maria-Isabel Rua-Taborda ◽

Hélène Debéda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Sensor Node ◽

Low Cost ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Wireless Sensor Node ◽

Energy Harvesters ◽

Piezoelectric Energy ◽

Wide Range ◽

Design Integration

Real time electricity monitoring is critical to enable intelligent and customized energy management for users in residential, educational, and commercial buildings. This paper presents the design, integration, and testing of a simple, self-contained, low-power, non-invasive system at low cost applicable for such purpose. The system is powered by piezoelectric energy harvesters (EHs) based on PZT and includes a microcontroller unit (MCU) and a central hub. Real-time information regarding the electricity consumption is measured and communicated by the system, which ultimately offers a dependable and promising solution as a wireless sensor node. The dynamic power management ensures the system to work with different types of PZT EHs at a wide range of input power. Thus, the system is robust against fluctuation of the current in the electricity grid and requires minimum adjustment if EH unit requires exchange or upgrade. Experimental results demonstrate that this unit is in a position to read and transmit 60 Hz alternating current (AC) sensor signals with a high accuracy no less than 91.4%. The system is able to achieve an operation duty cycle from <1 min up to 18 min when the current in an electric wire varies from 7.6 A to 30 A, depending on the characteristics of different EHs and intensity of current being monitored.

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Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/ebc20150008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Jules L. Hammond ◽

Nello Formisano ◽

Pedro Estrela ◽

Sandro Carrara ◽

Jan Tkac

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Great Promise ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Portable Devices ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Wide Range

Electrochemical techniques have great promise for low-cost miniaturised easy-to-use portable devices for a wide range of applications–in particular, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Different techniques can be used for biosensing, with amperometric devices taking the central role due to their widespread application in glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose biosensing takes an approximately 70% share of the biosensor market due to the need for diabetic patients to monitor their sugar levels several times a day, making it an appealing commercial market. In this review, we present the basic principles of electrochemical biosensor devices. A description of the different generations of glucose sensors is used to describe in some detail the operation of amperometric sensors and how the introduction of mediators can enhance the performance of the sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a technique being increasingly used in devices due to its ability to detect variations in resistance and capacitance upon binding events. Novel advances in electrochemical sensors, due to the use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are presented as well as future directions that the field is taking.

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Hartman interferometer: versatile integrated optic sensor for label-free, real-time quantification of nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/43.9.1757 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 43 (9) ◽

pp. 1757-1763 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Bernard H Schneider ◽

John G Edwards ◽

Nile F Hartman

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Evanescent Wave ◽

Low Cost ◽

Refractive Index Change ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Gene Probe ◽

Label Free ◽

Optic Sensor ◽

Wide Range

Abstract The Hartman interferometer, a proprietary integrated optic sensor, provides a basis for a broad range of biomedical diagnostics, including antibody-based and gene probe-based assays. As with other evanescent-wave optical sensors, the interferometer measures the refractive index change resulting from biomolecular binding on a waveguide surface. The exciting promise of evanescent-wave sensors lies, in general, in their potential to be used as label-free, real-time transducers that can operate in a true mix-and-read fashion and provide fast, quantitative results. One of the major issues facing their development, however, is creating a simple, low-cost configuration for multianalyte testing. The Hartman interferometer addresses this challenge by relying on linearly polarized light and a planar waveguide format, thereby avoiding the problems associatedwith circular polarization and channel waveguides. We report preliminary experiments that demonstrate the applicability of this sensor configuration to detection of a wide range of protein, nucleic acid, and pathogen analytes.

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