scholarly journals Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules L. Hammond ◽  
Nello Formisano ◽  
Pedro Estrela ◽  
Sandro Carrara ◽  
Jan Tkac
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Wide Range

Electrochemical techniques have great promise for low-cost miniaturised easy-to-use portable devices for a wide range of applications–in particular, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Different techniques can be used for biosensing, with amperometric devices taking the central role due to their widespread application in glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose biosensing takes an approximately 70% share of the biosensor market due to the need for diabetic patients to monitor their sugar levels several times a day, making it an appealing commercial market. In this review, we present the basic principles of electrochemical biosensor devices. A description of the different generations of glucose sensors is used to describe in some detail the operation of amperometric sensors and how the introduction of mediators can enhance the performance of the sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a technique being increasingly used in devices due to its ability to detect variations in resistance and capacitance upon binding events. Novel advances in electrochemical sensors, due to the use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are presented as well as future directions that the field is taking.

scholarly journals Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azeez O. Idris ◽  
Ekemena O. Oseghe ◽  
Titus A. M. Msagati ◽  
Alex T. Kuvarega ◽  
Usisipho Feleni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Graphitic Carbon Nitride ◽  
Bandgap Energy

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer that has attracted the interest of researchers and industrial communities owing to its outstanding analytical merits such as low-cost synthesis, high stability, unique electronic properties, catalytic ability, high quantum yield, nontoxicity, metal-free, low bandgap energy, and electron-rich properties. Notably, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitrides. It has been explored in various analytical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility properties, including ease of surface functionalization and hydrogen-bonding. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) acts as a nanomediator and serves as an immobilization layer to detect various biomolecules. Numerous reports have been presented in the literature on applying graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, and amperometry techniques have been extensively used for the detection of biologic molecules and heavy metals, with high sensitivity and good selectivity. For this reason, the leading drive of this review is to stress the importance of employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

scholarly journals A Smart Glucose Monitoring System for Diabetic Patient

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Amine Rghioui ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Mohamed Harane ◽  
Abdelmajid Oumnad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Patient ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Diabetic patients need ongoing surveillance, but this involves high costs for the government and family. The combined use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), artificial intelligence and smart devices can reduce these costs, helping the diabetic patient. This paper presents an intelligent architecture for the surveillance of diabetic disease that will allow physicians to remotely monitor the health of their patients through sensors integrated into smartphones and smart portable devices. The proposed architecture includes an intelligent algorithm developed to intelligently detect whether a parameter has exceeded a threshold, which may or may not involve urgency. To verify the proper functioning of this system, we developed a small portable device capable of measuring the level of glucose in the blood for diabetics and body temperature. We designed a secure mechanism to establish a wireless connection with the smartphone.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Analysis of Tea Components: A Bibliometric Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Shao ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Yiling Shen ◽  
Jinlei Shi ◽  
Dongqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing

Tea is a popular beverage all around the world. Tea composition, quality monitoring, and tea identification have all been the subject of extensive research due to concerns about the nutritional value and safety of tea intake. In the last 2 decades, research into tea employing electrochemical biosensing technologies has received a lot of interest. Despite the fact that electrochemical biosensing is not yet the most widely utilized approach for tea analysis, it has emerged as a promising technology due to its high sensitivity, speed, and low cost. Through bibliometric analysis, we give a systematic survey of the literature on electrochemical analysis of tea from 1994 to 2021 in this study. Electrochemical analysis in the study of tea can be split into three distinct stages, according to the bibliometric analysis. After chromatographic separation of materials, electrochemical techniques were initially used only as a detection tool. Many key components of tea, including as tea polyphenols, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and others, have electrochemical activity, and their electrochemical behavior is being investigated. High-performance electrochemical sensors have steadily become a hot research issue as materials science, particularly nanomaterials, and has progressed. This review not only highlights these processes, but also analyzes and contrasts the relevant literature. This evaluation also provides future views in this area based on the bibliometric findings.

scholarly journals Highly Sensitive SERS Detection of Neonicotinoid Pesticides. Complete Raman Spectral Assignment of Clothianidin and Imidacloprid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Creedon ◽  
Pierre Lovera ◽  
Jose Julio Gutierrez Moreno ◽  
Michael Nolan ◽  
Alan O'Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Vibrational Assignment ◽  
Nanostructured Surfaces ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Neonicotinoid Pesticides ◽  
Raman Spectral

The use of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in the development of low cost, portable sensor devices that can be used in the field for nitroguanidine neonicotinoid insecticide detection is appealing. However, a key challenge to achieving this goal is the lack of detailed analysis and vibrational assignment for the most popular neonicotinoids. To make progress towards this goal, this paper presents an analysis of the bulk Raman and SERS spectra of two neonicotinoids, namely clothianidin and imidacloprid. Combined with first principles simulations, this allowed assignment of all Raman spectral modes for both molecules. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SERS analysis and vibrational assignment of Clothianidin and a comprehensive assignment and analysis is provided for imidacloprid. Silver nanostructured surfaces were fabricated for qualitative SERS analysis, which provides the characteristic spectra of the target molecules, and demonstrates the ability of SERS to sense these molecules at concentrations as low as 1 ng/L. These detection limits are significantly lower than reported solid state electrochemical techniques and are on a par with high-end chromatographic-mass spectroscopy laboratory methods. These SERS sensors thus allow for the selective and sensitive detection of neonicotinoids, and provides complementary qualitative and quantitative data for the molecules. Furthermore, this technique can be adapted to portable devices for remote sensing applications. Further work focuses on integrating our device with an electronics platform for truly portable residue detection.

scholarly journals Electrochemical micro analytical device interfaced with portable potentiostat for rapid detection of chlorpyrifos using acetylcholinesterase conjugated metal organic framework using Internet of things

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Nagabooshanam ◽  
Souradeep Roy ◽  
Ashish Mathur ◽  
Irani Mukherjee ◽  
Satheesh Krishnamurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Vegetable Sample ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Analytical Device ◽  
Organic Framework

AbstractAn Electrochemical micro Analytical Device (EµAD) was fabricated for sensitive detection of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos in the food chain. Gold microelectrode (µE) modified with Zinc based Metal Organic Framework (MOF-Basolite Z1200) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme served as an excellent electro-analytical transducer for the detection of chlorpyrifos. Electrochemical techniques such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) were performed for electrochemical analysis of the developed EµAD. The sensor needs only 2 µL of the analyte and it was tested within the linear range of 10 to 100 ng/L. The developed EµAD’s limit of detection (LoD) and sensitivity is 6 ng/L and 0.598 µ A/ng L−1/mm2 respectively. The applicability of the device for the detection of chlorpyrifos from the real vegetable sample was also tested within the range specified. The fabricated sensor showed good stability with a shelf-life of 20 days. The EµAD’s response time is of 50 s, including an incubation time of 20 s. The developed EµAD was also integrated with commercially available low-cost, handheld potentiostat (k-Stat) using Bluetooth and the results were comparable with a standard electrochemical workstation.

scholarly journals Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6443
Author(s):  
Lucian-Gabriel Zamfir ◽  
Mihaela Puiu ◽  
Camelia Bala
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Wide Range

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are contaminants that may mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones, hampering the normal functions of the endocrine system in humans and animals. These substances, either natural or man-made, are involved in development, breeding, and immunity, causing a wide range of diseases and disorders. The traditional detection methods such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chromatography are still the golden techniques for EDs detection due to their high sensitivity, robustness, and accuracy. Nevertheless, they have the disadvantage of being expensive and time-consuming, requiring bulky equipment or skilled personnel. On the other hand, early stage detection of EDs on-the-field requires portable devices fulfilling the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free, Deliverable to end users (ASSURED) norms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors can be easily implemented in fully automated, sample-to-answer devices by integrating electrodes in microfluidic chips. The latest achievements on EIS-based sensors are discussed and critically assessed.

Evaluation of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles as anti-corrosion pigment in organic coatings for carbon steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.U. Chaudhry ◽  
Vikas Mittal ◽  
M.I. Hashmi ◽  
Brajendra Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Corrosion Layer ◽  
Organic Coatings ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range

Purpose Inorganic oxide addition can be synergistically beneficial in organic coatings if it can impart anti-corrosion properties and also act as an additive to enhance physical and/or chemical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-corrosion benefits of nano nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) in the polymer film. Design/methodology/approach The time-dependent anti-corrosion ability of NZF (0.12-1.0 per cent w/w NZF/binder), applied on API 5L X-80 carbon steel, was characterized by electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic. Characterization of corrosion layer was done by removing coatings after 216 h of immersion in 3.5 per cent w/v NaCl. Optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the corroded surface. Findings Corrosion measurements confirm the electrochemical activity by metallic cations on the steel surface during corrosion process which results in improvement of anti-corrosion properties of steel. Moreover, surface techniques show compact corrosion layer coatings and presence of different metallic oxide phases for nanocomposite coatings. Originality/value The suggested protection mechanism was explained by the leaching and precipitation of metallic ion on the corroded surface which in turn slowed down the corrosion activity. Furthermore, improvement in barrier properties of rubber-based coatings was confirmed by the enhanced pore resistance. This work indicates that along with a wide range of applications of NZF, anti-corrosion properties can be taken as an addition.

scholarly journals Low-cost photoacoustic imaging systems based on laser diode and light-emitting diode excitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 1730003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingkai Yao ◽  
Yu Ding ◽  
Guodong Liu ◽  
Lvming Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Laser Diode ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Photoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Wide Range

Photoacoustic imaging, an emerging biomedical imaging modality, holds great promise for preclinical and clinical researches. It combines the high optical contrast and high ultrasound resolution by converting laser excitation into ultrasonic emission. In order to generate photoacoustic signal efficiently, bulky Q-switched solid-state laser systems are most commonly used as excitation sources and hence limit its commercialization. As an alternative, the miniaturized semiconductor laser system has the advantages of being inexpensive, compact, and robust, which makes a significant effect on production-forming design. It is also desirable to obtain a wavelength in a wide range from visible to near-infrared spectrum for multispectral applications. Focussing on practical aspect, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art developments of low-cost photoacoustic system with laser diode and light-emitting diode excitation source and highlights a few representative installations in the past decade.

scholarly journals Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Magdalena R. Raykova ◽  
Damion K. Corrigan ◽  
Morag Holdsworth ◽  
Fiona L. Henriquez ◽  
Andrew C. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tetracycline Residues

Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.

scholarly journals Towards Clean and Safe Water: A Review on the Emerging Role of Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4300
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Zheng ◽  
Sohayb Khaoulani ◽  
Nadia Ktari ◽  
Momath Lo ◽  
Ahmed M. Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxidative Polymerization ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Carbon Paste ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Imprinted Polymers

This review critically summarizes the knowledge of imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of pesticides, metal ions and waterborne pathogenic bacteria, focusing on the last five years. MIP-based electrochemical sensors exhibit low limits of detection (LOD), high selectivity, high sensitivity and low cost. We put the emphasis on the design of imprinted polymers and their composites and coatings by radical polymerization, oxidative polymerization of conjugated monomers or sol-gel chemistry. Whilst most imprinted polymers are used in conjunction with differential pulse or square wave voltammetry for sensing organics and metal ions, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) appears as the chief technique for detecting bacteria or their corresponding proteins. Interestingly, bacteria could also be probed via their quorum sensing signaling molecules or flagella proteins. If much has been developed in the past decade with glassy carbon or gold electrodes, it is clear that carbon paste electrodes of imprinted polymers are more and more investigated due to their versatility. Shortlisted case studies were critically reviewed and discussed; clearly, a plethora of tricky strategies of designing selective electrochemical sensors are offered to “Imprinters”. We anticipate that this review will be of interest to experts and newcomers in the field who are paying time and effort combining electrochemical sensors with MIP technology.

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