Contribution of Nanomaterials to the Development of Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Food Products

The detection of antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin is of utmost importance. Indeed antimicrobial residues could be present in animal derived food products because of animal treatments for curative purposes or from illegal use. The usual screening methods to detect antimicrobial residues in food are microbiological, immunological or physico-chemical methods. The development of biosensors to propose sensitive, cheap and quick alternatives to classical methods is constantly increasing. Aptasensors are one of the major trends proposed in the literature, in parallel with the development of immunosensors based on antibodies. The characteristics of electrochemical sensors (i.e., low cost, miniaturization, and portable instrumentation) make them very good candidates to develop screening methods for antimicrobial residues in food products. This review will focus on the recent advances in the development of electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products. The contribution of nanomaterials to improve the performance characteristics of electrochemical aptasensors (e.g., Sensitivity, easiness, stability) in the last ten years, as well as signal amplification techniques will be highlighted.

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The Growing Interest in Development of Innovative Optical Aptasensors for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Food Products

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios10030021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valérie Gaudin

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Food Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Immunological Methods ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Innovative Solution ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

The presence of antimicrobial residues in food-producing animals can lead to harmful effects on the consumer (e.g., allergies, antimicrobial resistance, toxicological effects) and cause issues in food transformation (i.e., cheese, yogurts production). Therefore, to control antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin, screening methods are of utmost importance. Microbiological and immunological methods (e.g., ELISA, dipsticks) are conventional screening methods. Biosensors are an innovative solution for the development of more performant screening methods. Among the different kinds of biosensing elements (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), enzymes), aptamers for targeting antimicrobial residues are in continuous development since 2000. Therefore, this review has highlighted recent advances in the development of aptasensors, which present multiple advantages over immunosensors. Most of the aptasensors described in the literature for the detection of antimicrobial residues in animal-derived food products are either optical or electrochemical sensors. In this review, I have focused on optical aptasensors and showed how nanotechnologies (nanomaterials, micro/nanofluidics, and signal amplification techniques) largely contribute to the improvement of their performance (sensitivity, specificity, miniaturization, portability). Finally, I have explored different techniques to develop multiplex screening methods. Multiplex screening methods are necessary for the wide spectrum detection of antimicrobials authorized for animal treatment (i.e., having maximum residue limits).

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Response of Chlorella Sp. to Nickel Pollution

Tribhuvan University Journal ◽

10.3126/tuj.v25i1.3755 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 129-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pawan Raj Shakya ◽

D Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Metal Binding ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Preliminary Investigation ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Green Microalgae ◽

Toxic Heavy Metals ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

Physico Chemical

Unicellular green microalgae are widely used these days for removing toxic heavy metals from the contaminated environment by virtue of their metal binding capacities confirming resistance mechanisms. Besides, they have several advantages over conventional physico-chemical methods such as ion exchange, precipitation with CaCO3, adsorption, flocculation, etc. The present study is a preliminary investigation regarding an attempt to provide low cost, efficient and an emerging eco-friendly technology for the removal of nickel from the nickel polluted environemtn by the use of (WT) Chlorella sp. and one of the isolated cell lines, EMS-10 of the same species. Growth experiments show the effect of increasing NI2+ concentration on the WT and EMS-10 cultures. However, the ID50 value of the EMS-10 revealed some degree of resistance to nickel. Kinetic experiments reveal effective metal binding capacity in EMS-10 and demonstrated appreciable resistance in response to the nickel toxicity as compared to the WT.Key words: Green microalgae; Physico-chemical methods; EMS-10Tribhuvan University Journal Vol. XXV, No. 1, 2005Page:129-139Uploaded date: 26, September, 2010

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Detection of Residues of Antimicrobial Compounds in Eggs by the Rapid Screening Methods

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2018-0027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 48-55

Author(s):

M. Krišová ◽

I. Kožárová

Keyword(s):

Potable Water ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Effective Control ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Antimicrobial Compounds ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

The Public ◽

Antimicrobial Residues

Abstract Eggs belong to the most frequently consumed products of animal origin worldwide, and therefore the safety of eggs is a substantiated issue. Conventional poultry rearing involves the use of antimicrobials added to their feed or potable water particularly for disease treatment, however, in some countries also for the prevention of diseases, promotion of growth and better utilisation of the feed. Thus, effective control of residues of such substances in eggs is very important for the protection of the public health. The aim of this study was to detect the potential presence of antimicrobial residues in fresh hen eggs using commercially available rapid screening methods (Premi®Test and EXP Ampulle test) and compare the results of both of these tests. We examined 22 samples randomly selected from among 66 samples purchased in 11 European countries. We respected the procedures as supplied by the manufacturers of the tests together with their respective test kits. The examination of eggs by the Premi®Test did not detect the presence of antimicrobial residues in the samples, while the EXP Ampulle test provided 8 positive and 6 dubious results. Our results allowed us to conclude that the EXP Ampulle appears to be more sensitive and allows one to carry out more effective control of the presence of antimicrobial residues in hen eggs intended for human consumption.

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Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios11070232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Magdalena R. Raykova ◽

Damion K. Corrigan ◽

Morag Holdsworth ◽

Fiona L. Henriquez ◽

Andrew C. Ward

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Antibiotic Drugs ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Wide Range ◽

Tetracycline Residues

Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.

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A SIX PLATE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR SCREENING OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES IN FOOD OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i11.2020.2069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

Madhavi H. Hathurusinghe ◽

Ruwan C. Gunasena ◽

Preeni Abeynayake

Keyword(s):

Screening Test ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Low Cost ◽

Health Concern ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

Consumer Safety ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Food Commodities

Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in livestock and aquatic products is a current public health concern. The monitoring of food commodities for antimicrobial residues will ensure the consumer safety and promote trade. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin. A bioassay consists of six plates was established, which enables screening of six groups of antimicrobials, namely; penicillins, sulphonamides, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracyclines and fluroquinolones. The Six Plate Test (SPT) is a bioassay technique, which is carried out using Bacillus subtilis BGA (Merck), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11303) as indicator organisms. The Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) was used as the test medium at optimum pH for all indicator organisms except B.cereus, for which the Media No.8 was used. The Minimum Detectable Concentrations (MDC) of SPT were determined using serial dilutions of antibiotics. All the MDC values obtained on SPT for the validated antimicrobials were below the recommended MRL of each antimicrobial. SPT can be developed to a quick, easy to perform, robust and low cost screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin.

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NON-TRADITIONAL VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS IN CREATING THE NEW TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

10.21506/j.ponte.2017.12.39 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Nadezhda Pavlovna Shevchenko ◽

Marina Vasilevna Kaledina ◽

Lyudmila Viktorovna Voloschenko ◽

Alexander Ivanovich Shevchenko ◽

Inna Alekseevna Baidina

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Food Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Traditional Vegetable ◽

Vegetable Raw Materials

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Deployment, Calibration, and Cross-Validation of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors for Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Ozone for an Epidemiological Study

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21124214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 4214

Author(s):

Christopher Zuidema ◽

Cooper S. Schumacher ◽

Elena Austin ◽

Graeme Carvlin ◽

Timothy V. Larson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Exposure Assessment ◽

Epidemiological Study ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Puget Sound ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Ambient Air Pollution ◽

Calibration Models ◽

Study Participants

We designed and built a network of monitors for ambient air pollution equipped with low-cost gas sensors to be used to supplement regulatory agency monitoring for exposure assessment within a large epidemiological study. This paper describes the development of a series of hourly and daily field calibration models for Alphasense sensors for carbon monoxide (CO; CO-B4), nitric oxide (NO; NO-B4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2; NO2-B43F), and oxidizing gases (OX-B431)—which refers to ozone (O3) and NO2. The monitor network was deployed in the Puget Sound region of Washington, USA, from May 2017 to March 2019. Monitors were rotated throughout the region, including at two Puget Sound Clean Air Agency monitoring sites for calibration purposes, and over 100 residences, including the homes of epidemiological study participants, with the goal of improving long-term pollutant exposure predictions at participant locations. Calibration models improved when accounting for individual sensor performance, ambient temperature and humidity, and concentrations of co-pollutants as measured by other low-cost sensors in the monitors. Predictions from the final daily models for CO and NO performed the best considering agreement with regulatory monitors in cross-validated root-mean-square error (RMSE) and R2 measures (CO: RMSE = 18 ppb, R2 = 0.97; NO: RMSE = 2 ppb, R2 = 0.97). Performance measures for NO2 and O3 were somewhat lower (NO2: RMSE = 3 ppb, R2 = 0.79; O3: RMSE = 4 ppb, R2 = 0.81). These high levels of calibration performance add confidence that low-cost sensor measurements collected at the homes of epidemiological study participants can be integrated into spatiotemporal models of pollutant concentrations, improving exposure assessment for epidemiological inference.

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Nanocomposite Materials Based on Electrochemically Synthesized Graphene Polymers: Molecular Architecture Strategies for Sensor Applications

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors9060149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 149

Author(s):

André Olean-Oliveira ◽

Gilberto A. Oliveira Brito ◽

Celso Xavier Cardoso ◽

Marcos F. S. Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Conducting Polymers ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Low Cost ◽

Large Specific Surface Area ◽

Molecular Architecture ◽

Sensor Applications

The use of graphene and its derivatives in the development of electrochemical sensors has been growing in recent decades. Part of this success is due to the excellent characteristics of such materials, such as good electrical and mechanical properties and a large specific surface area. The formation of composites and nanocomposites with these two materials leads to better sensing performance compared to pure graphene and conductive polymers. The increased large specific surface area of the nanocomposites and the synergistic effect between graphene and conducting polymers is responsible for this interesting result. The most widely used methodologies for the synthesis of these materials are still based on chemical routes. However, electrochemical routes have emerged and are gaining space, affording advantages such as low cost and the promising possibility of modulation of the structural characteristics of composites. As a result, application in sensor devices can lead to increased sensitivity and decreased analysis cost. Thus, this review presents the main aspects for the construction of nanomaterials based on graphene oxide and conducting polymers, as well as the recent efforts made to apply this methodology in the development of sensors and biosensors.

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Enhanced Oil Removal by a Non-Toxic Biosurfactant Formulation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 467

Author(s):

Emília Mendes da Silva Santos ◽

Isabela Regina Alvares da Silva Lira ◽

Hugo Moraes Meira ◽

Jaciana dos Santos Aguiar ◽

Raquel Diniz Rufino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Low Cost ◽

Aeration Rate ◽

Oil Removal ◽

Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Ph Values ◽

Spectroscopic Analyses ◽

New Formulation ◽

Central Composite

In this study, a new formulation of low-cost, biodegradable, and non-toxic biosurfactant by Candida sphaerica UCP 0995 was investigated. The study was conducted in a bioreactor on an industrial waste-based medium, and a central composite rotatable design was used for optimization. The best results, namely a 25.22 mN/m reduction in surface tension, a biosurfactant yield of 10.0 g/L, and a critical micelle concentration of 0.2 g/L, were achieved in 132 h at an agitation speed of 175 rpm and an aeration rate of 1.5 vvm. Compositional and spectroscopic analyses of the purified biosurfactant by chemical methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance suggested that it is a glycolipid-type biosurfactant, and it showed no cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. The biosurfactant, submitted to different formulation methods as a commercial additive, remained stable for 120 days at room temperature. Tensioactive properties and stability were evaluated at different pH values, temperatures, and salt concentrations. The biosurfactant obtained with all formulation methods demonstrated good stability, with tolerance to wide ranges of pH, temperature and salinity, enabling application under extreme environmental conditions. Bioremediation tests were performed to check the efficacy of the isolated biosurfactant and the selected microbial species in removing oil from soil. The results demonstrated that the biosurfactant produced has promising properties as an agent for the bioremediation of contaminated soil.

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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Combined with Electrochemical Sensors for Food Contaminants Analysis

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4607

Author(s):

Dounia Elfadil ◽

Abderrahman Lamaoui ◽

Flavio Della Pelle ◽

Aziz Amine ◽

Dario Compagnone

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Electrochemical Analysis ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Food Contaminants ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Imprinted Polymers

Detection of relevant contaminants using screening approaches is a key issue to ensure food safety and respect for the regulatory limits established. Electrochemical sensors present several advantages such as rapidity; ease of use; possibility of on-site analysis and low cost. The lack of selectivity for electrochemical sensors working in complex samples as food may be overcome by coupling them with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs are synthetic materials that mimic biological receptors and are produced by the polymerization of functional monomers in presence of a target analyte. This paper critically reviews and discusses the recent progress in MIP-based electrochemical sensors for food safety. A brief introduction on MIPs and electrochemical sensors is given; followed by a discussion of the recent achievements for various MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants analysis. Both electropolymerization and chemical synthesis of MIP-based electrochemical sensing are discussed as well as the relevant applications of MIPs used in sample preparation and then coupled to electrochemical analysis. Future perspectives and challenges have been eventually given.

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