scholarly journals Using a Foreign Language Changes Medical Judgments of Preventative Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Sayuri Hayakawa ◽  
Yue Pan ◽  
Viorica Marian
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
Preventative Treatment ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Side Effects ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Native Tongue

Every day, multilinguals around the world make important healthcare decisions while using a foreign language. The present study examined how the use of a native vs. non-native language shapes evaluations and decisions about preventative care. Bilinguals were randomly assigned to evaluate a series of medical scenarios in either their native or non-native language. Each scenario described potential adverse effects of a medical condition and a preventative treatment, as well as the population risk of disease- or treatment-related complications. Participants judged the perceived negativity and likelihood of experiencing adverse effects and indicated how willing they would be to accept the preventative treatment. We found that bilinguals using a foreign language perceived disease symptoms and treatment side effects to be less negative than those using their native tongue. Foreign language users were also more likely to account for the objective risks associated with medical conditions and treatments when making decisions about preventative care. We conclude that the use of a native vs. foreign language changes how people evaluate the consequences of accepting and declining preventative treatment, with potential implications for millions of providers and patients who routinely make medical choices in their non-native tongue.

Eye Movements of Children and Adults While Reading Television Subtitles

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géry d'Ydewalle ◽  
Wim De Bruycker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Single Text ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Reading Patterns ◽  
Attentional System

Abstract. Eye movements of children (Grade 5-6) and adults were monitored while they were watching a foreign language movie with either standard (foreign language soundtrack and native language subtitling) or reversed (foreign language subtitles and native language soundtrack) subtitling. With standard subtitling, reading behavior in the subtitle was observed, but there was a difference between one- and two-line subtitles. As two lines of text contain verbal information that cannot easily be inferred from the pictures on the screen, more regular reading occurred; a single text line is often redundant to the information in the picture, and accordingly less reading of one-line text was apparent. Reversed subtitling showed even more irregular reading patterns (e.g., more subtitles skipped, fewer fixations, longer latencies). No substantial age differences emerged, except that children took longer to shift attention to the subtitle at its onset, and showed longer fixations and shorter saccades in the text. On the whole, the results demonstrated the flexibility of the attentional system and its tuning to the several information sources available (image, soundtrack, and subtitles).

The Inscriptions on the Gravestones in the Croatian Villages of Slovakia, Chunovo and Jarovce: The Specificity of Mixing Graphics Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Darya Yu. Vashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Traditional Spelling ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Village

The article discusses the inscriptions on funerary monuments from the Croatian villages of Cunovo and Jarovce, located in the South of Slovakia, near Bratislava. These inscriptions reflect the complicated sociocultural situation in the region, which is particularly specific due to the fact that this territory was included to Slovakia’s territory only after 1946, while earlier the village was part of Hungary. In addition, the local Croatian ethnic group was actively in close contact with the German and Hungarian communities. At the same time, the orthographic norms of the literary Croatian, German, Hungarian, and Slovak languages, which could potentially be owned by the authors of the inscriptions, differ in many ways, despite the Latin alphabet used on all the gravestones. All this is reflected in the tombstones, representing a high degree of mixing codes. The article identifies the main types of fusion on the monuments: separate orthograms, writing the maiden name of the deceased in the spelling of her native language, the traditional spelling of the family name. In addition, the mixing of codes can be associated with writing feminitives, also order of name and surname within the anthroponym. Moreover, the settlements themselves represent different ethnic groups coexistence within the village. Gravestones from the respective cemeteries also differ from each other in the nature of the prevailing trend of the mixing codes. In Jarovce, where the ethnic groups live compactly, fusion is often presented as a separate foreign language orthograms. In Cunovo, where the ethnic groups constitute a global conglomerate, more traditional presents for a specific family spelling of the names on the monument.

SUBTYPE A/H7N9 INFLUENZA: PATHOGENICITY AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

2013 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Dinh Binh Tran
Keyword(s):  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The People ◽  
High Risk Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
H7n9 Infection ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Avian Populations

H7N9 is a serotype of the species Influenzavirus A. H7 virus normally circulates amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. A H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in 2013. The people with H7N9 virus are respiratory tract infections leading to pneumonia and can be death. To cope with H7N9 virus should strengthen supervision, strengthening management and treatment, epidemiological investigation and observe who has been exposed to the fatal cases. To limit the risk of disease, WHO recommends that people should be clean, safe eating, wash the hands often, especially before and after eating, after using the toilet, after contact with animals, after contact with sick people, use a mask when in contact with human or environmental exposure to the high-risk disease. Symptoms of influenza H7N9 infection are fever and cough then switch to pneumonia. Therefore, if having the symptoms like this, and then have the cough and shortness of breath, chest pain that should be early come the health facilities to diagnose and treat.

Analysis and typology of phonetic errors in the vocal speech of Italian speaking students

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Anna A. Kachanova ◽  
Valerio Fabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Phonetic Errors ◽  
Vocal Speech ◽  
Level Student

The relevance of the undertaken research is explained by the fact that phonetic skills and the absence of the phenomenon of errors at this level are important when teaching Russian as a foreign language to Italian speaking students. Researchers M.N. Shutov and I.A. Orekhova paid attention to this importance in their in-depth studies and other scientists. The purpose of this re-search is to analyze and typology of the phenomenon of errors at the phonetic level of Italian speaking students when teaching Russian as a foreign language. We concluded that, in practice, a B1 level student in monologue and dialogical speech, faced with difficulty in placing stress in a word, tries to find an analogue in his native language in consciousness (uses pure interlingual in-terference at the phonetic level) or tries to stress a word (in Russian), taking into account familiar rules (depending on the level of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language).

German-English Interference in the Field of Vocalism (Based on the Speech of Germans who Study English as a Foreign Language)

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Anna Abryutina ◽  
Anna Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Theoretical Significance

The growing popularity of contrastive phonology as a branch of linguis-tics is seen now, in particular, due to the spread of bilingualism and multilin-gualism. Globalization involves the ability to speak several languages, in the study of which the phonetic level is primarily considered. The purpose of this work is to examine and describe the most likely consequences arising from in-terference in the articulation of vowel sounds in the English-language speech of Germans who study English as a foreign language. The article deals with monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs, dis-cusses possible variations in the articulation of sounds, as well as the processes of reduction, elision, and substitution. Descriptive and comparative methods are the leading ones in the work, however, the instrumental method is also used to determine deviations from the norm and the nature of changes in articulation. The paper identifies a number of trends in the articulation of English sounds by Germans and reveals the reasons of the main difficulties which stu-dents face while studying phonetic norms of RP and speaking German as their native language, i.e. the qualitative and quantitative mismatch of allophones. The achievement of this goal testifies to the theoretical significance of this work, namely, the possibility of further detailed research in the field of sociophonetics and phonostylistics.

scholarly journals DEVELOPING COLLOCATIONAL AND PHONOLOGICAL COMPETENCES OF EMERGING TEACHERS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE THROUGH COGNITIVE APPROACH TO PROCESSING MULTI-WORD UNITS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Irisa Berga
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Instructional Approach ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Formal Instruction ◽  
Analytic Processing ◽  
Informal Settings

<p>This paper addresses unresolved issues in the acquisition, processing and use of multi-word units which account for the learner’s idiomatic, natural language. The aim of the study is to argue for an analytic instructional approach to developing the trainee teacher’s collocational and phonological competences through the medium of the native language employing a set of didactic and linguistic techniques like etymological, phonological, structural, lexical and semantic dissection of multi-word units. Research results imply that analytic processing of multi-word units relate moderately to the enhancement of the learner’s collocational and phonological competences though relations between formal instruction and the language proficiency level may be partly obscured by the probable exposure of the learner to multi-word units in informal settings.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals On the problem of typological research of the Russian phonetic system in a linguodidactic context

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Е.Л. Бархударова
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Foreign Accent ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Sound Structure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Russian Language

В основе разработки курсов практической фонетики, адресованных иноязычной аудитории, лежит анализ типологического своеобразия фонетической системы изучаемого языка в контексте лингводидактики. К числу важных направлений типологического исследования звукового строя русского языка следует отнести, во-первых, изучение соотношения консонантизма и вокализма в его фонетической системе на иноязычном фоне, во-вторых, – анализ позиционных закономерностей русской фонетической системы в сопоставлении с функционированием звуковых единиц в типологически разных языках. В позиционных закономерностях звукового строя языка наиболее ярко проявляется его идиоматичность: в каждом языке позиционные закономерности носят специфический характер и определяются соотношением парадигматики и синтагматики звуковых единиц. Большое число фонологически значимых отклонений в иностранном акценте обусловлено интерферирующим воздействием позиционных закономерностей родного языка на русскую речь учащихся. The development of practical phonetics courses addressed to a foreign audience is based on the analysis of the typological features of the phonetic system of the target language in the context of linguodidactics. It is necessary to designate two important areas of typological research of the sound structure of the Russian language: the study of the relationship of consonantism and vocalism in its phonetic system against a foreign language background and the analysis of positional rules of the Russian phonetic system in comparison with the functioning of sound units in typologically different languages. Idiomatic character of the language is most clearly manifested in the positional patterns of its sound structure. In each language, positional patterns are specific and are determined by the dominance of paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations of sound units. A large number of phonologically significant deviations in a foreign accent are due to the interfering influence of the positional laws of the native language on the Russian speech of students.

scholarly journals APPLYING COOPERATIVE LEARNING TO COLLEGE STUDENTS TO ENHANCE THEIR COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Miressa Amenu Terfa
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Group Members

Cooperative learning has proved to be an effective method for both teachers and students and it has been found to have many positive benefits to foreign language teaching.  This paper was aimed at applying cooperative learning to college students for English as a foreign language (EFL). The participants of the study were summer three Art students of Mettu College of Teachers Education. Accordingly, all participants were selected through purposive sampling techniques for the questionnaire and Focus group discussion. Qualitative data were obtained and analyzed qualitatively. The major findings of this study suggested that cooperative learning helped significantly to enhance the college learners’ oral communicative skills and their motivation toward learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Furthermore, the findings revealed students’ contradictory views regarding native language use and whether CL could help them improve their language skills. Sometimes, students switched to their native language to clarify points or communicate with group members since, as noted in the observations, a large percentage of language classrooms allowed students to use their native language during group discussion.

scholarly journals Labels and Realities: The Relevance of Terms like ESL and EFL in a Linguistically Complex World

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Expanding Circle ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Efl Students

For a long time, ELT (‘English language teaching’) scholars and practitioners have used terms like ‘ESL’ (‘English as a second language’) and ‘EFL’ (‘English as a foreign language’) unquestioningly to describe the English used by people outside the so-called ENL (‘English as a native language’) circle. For example, ELT practitioners may conveniently refer to students from places like China, Vietnam and Thailand as EFL students. Interestingly, we find counterparts of such terms in ‘World Englishes’ studies; Braj Kachru’s ‘Inner Circle English’, ‘Outer Circle English’ and ‘Expanding Circle English’ essentially refer to ENL ESL and EFL respectively. Despite the popularity of such terms in scholarly circles, the problems associated with their use have not often been explored in depth. Nevertheless, some authors have described such problems. For example, commenting on the distinction between ESL and EFL, Nayar (1997, p. 10) states, “a great deal of referential fuzziness within the two and denotative overlap between the two are making the terminological distinctions unclear, impractical, and ineffective or, worse still, in some cases inauspicious and irrelevant.” This special issue aims to further examine the use and relevance of these terms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document