scholarly journals Six-Steps Process of Structural Assessment of Heritage Timber Structures: Definition Based on the State of the Art

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Perria ◽  
Mike Sieder
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Residual Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Correct Design

Each construction material deals with specific mechanical properties, their distribution, damage mechanisms, and degradation processes. Therefore, each material requires a particular assessment approach in order to derive a reliable description of the residual performance of the structure, correctly remove the cause of damage, and proceed with the correct design of interventions. The aims of this paper are, first, the definition of a process of assessment and retrofitting of existing timber structures, both for engineered and heritage/traditional timber structures, and second, a comparison between the defined assessment process and its contents, and the content of existing guidelines, codes, and standards. In order to gain a definition of the process of assessment and retrofitting of existing timber structures, the content of scientific papers and articles was analyzed, and on this basis, an assessment process with six main steps and three milestones was developed. The content of the guidelines, codes and standards was afterwards analyzed basing on this six-steps assessment process. From a comparison among the current literature, guidelines, codes, and standards, interesting results emerged that gave us a picture of the European knowledge and interests on the assessment of existing timber structures. Not only agreement, but also discrepancies, variances, and incongruities were identified as possible topics for future research.

Guidelines to Conducting Threat Susceptibility and Identification Assessments of Pipelines Prior to Reactivation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Bunch ◽  
Glenn Cameron ◽  
Rafael G. Mora
Keyword(s):  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Identification Analysis

This paper provides guidelines to identify all threats and assess a pipeline’s susceptibility to those threats in order to select appropriate and effective mitigation, monitoring, and prevention measures prior to reactivating pipelines. The intent of this paper is to provide pipeline operators, consultants and regulatory agencies with a generic threat assessment approach that has to be customized to the pipeline-specific characteristics and conditions, and the regulatory requirements of its own jurisdiction. A literature review and authors’ experiences across the pipeline industry have identified the need for a generic, yet complete approach that guides pipeline integrity engineers in the methodologies that adequately and effectively assess threats prior to reactivation and that can be validated in a timely manner during the operations. Pipeline operators may be called on to reactivate pipelines that are facing challenges such as aging, changes in operational conditions, lack of maintenance and inconsistent integrity practices while facing constraints from increasing population density, higher pressure and flow throughput requirements of a competitive marketplace, and regulatory requirements insisting on higher levels of safety and protection of the environment. This paper was structured with the following components to assist the reader in conducting threat assessments: • Current regulations and recognized industry standards with respect to reactivating pipelines; • Definition of and differentiation between hazard and threat; • Hazard identification analysis for the known and potential situations, events and conditions; and • Threat susceptibility and identification analysis process for the known categories derived from the hazard identification process. A case study is described as an example of applying the guidelines to conduct threat susceptibility and identification assessments of a pipeline prior to its reactivation. The results from the threat susceptibility and identification assessment process can help operators, consultants and regulators in determining effective inspection, mitigation, prevention and monitoring measures.

scholarly journals ELABORACIÓN DE ADOBE SOSTENIBLE

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-79
Author(s):  
José Francisco Brito-del-Pino ◽  
Nathalie Madeleine Santamaría-Herrera ◽  
Carlos Andrés Macas-Peñaranda ◽  
Dany Tasán-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Earth Block

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar la revisión del estado del arte del adobe como material de construcción sostenible y vernáculo. En este sentido la hipótesis se refiere al planteamiento de una nueva metodología de elaboración del adobe sostenible donde confluyan las técnicas manuales con las pruebas de laboratorio. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliográfico referente al estado del arte de la elaboración adobe en parte de la zona urbano – rural de la ciudad de Riobamba, y su impacto ambiental; además, se describen algunos materiales para estabilización del adobe en la parte introductoria. La segunda parte se refiere, a la propuesta de esta investigación que consiste en el planteamiento de una metodología para elaboración del adobe, partiendo de la adecuada identificación y recolección de las muestras de suelo, y seguidamente realizar las distintas pruebas manuales de campo que permitirán conocer empíricamente la calidad del suelo, mientras que las pruebas de laboratorio físicas, químicas y mineralógicas permitirán científicamente seleccionar el tipo de suelo. Finalmente se exponen los resultados de simular el bloque de tierra y su comportamiento térmico, luego se comparan los resultados simulados y experimentales. Luego de la selección del tipo de suelo, se estableció la Norma peruana E.080 (2017) para la elaboración del bloque de adobe, haciendo énfasis en los beneficios de la estabilización del adobe con fibras naturales. La investigación bibliográfica realizada se espera sirva como modelo metodológico para futuras investigaciones para elaboración del adobe sostenible, considerando que los sistemas constructivos en tierra son parte del patrimonio y saberes ancestrales de la zona andina que se deben recuperar. Palabras clave: Adobe, elaboración, fibras naturales, pruebas de laboratorio, pruebas manuales. AbstractThis research aims to review the state of the art of adobe as a sustainable and vernacular construction material. In this sense, the hypothesis refers to the proposal of a new methodology for the elaboration of sustainable adobe where manual techniques converge with laboratory tests. For this, a bibliographic analysis was carried out regarding the state of the art of adobe production in part of the urban - rural area of Riobamba, and its environmental impact. Furthermore, some materials for adobe stabilization are described in the introductory part. The second part refers to the proposal of this research, which consists of the proposal of a methodology to elaborate adobe, starting from the adequate identification and collection of soil samples, and then carrying out the different manual field tests that will allow to know empirically the quality of the soil. The physical, chemical and mineralogical laboratory tests will lead to a scientific selection of the type of soil. Finally, the results of simulating the earth block and its thermal behavior were shown. After, the simulated and experimental results were compared. After selecting the type of soil, the Peruvian Standard E.080 (2017) was established to elaborate the adobe block, emphasizing on the benefits of stabilizing the adobe with natural fibers. The bibliographic research carried out is expected to serve as a methodological model for future research for the elaboration of sustainable adobe by considering that the construction systems on land are part of the heritage and ancestral knowledge of the Andean area that must be recovered.Keywords Adobe, crafting, natural fibers, lab tests, manual tests.

scholarly journals A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella D’Ambra ◽  
Chiara Lauritano
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Available Information

Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research.

A state-of-the-art survey on spherical fuzzy sets1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Eren Ozceylan ◽  
Baris Ozkan ◽  
Mehmet Kabak ◽  
Metin Dagdeviren
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Review Methodology ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Scientific Papers

In addition to the well-known fuzzy sets, a novel type of fuzzy set called spherical fuzzy set (SFS) is recently introduced in the literature. SFS is the generalized structure over existing structures of fuzzy sets (intuitionistic fuzzy sets-IFS, Pythagorean fuzzy sets-PFS, and neutrosophic fuzzy sets-NFS) based on three dimensions (truth, falsehood, and indeterminacy) to provide a wider choice for decision-makers (DMs). Although the SFS has been introduced recently, the topic attracts the attention of academicians at a remarkable rate. This study is the expanded version of the authors’ earlier study by Ozceylan et al. [1]. A comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is studied to draw a framework of the past and to shed light on future directions. Therefore, a systematic review methodology that contains bibliometric and descriptive analysis is followed in this study. 104 scientific papers including SFS in their titles, abstracts and keywords are reviewed. The papers are then analyzed and categorized based on titles, abstracts, and keywords to construct a useful foundation of past research. Finally, trends and gaps in the literature are identified to clarify and to suggest future research opportunities in the fuzzy logic area.

scholarly journals Width-Based Algorithms for Common Problems in Control, Planning and Reinforcement Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Lipovetzky
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Memory Consumption ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Simulation Engines

Width-based algorithms search for solutions through a general definition of state novelty. These algorithms have been shown to result in state-of-the-art performance in classical planning, and have been successfully applied to model-based and model-free settings where the dynamics of the problem are given through simulation engines. Width-based algorithms performance is understood theoretically through the notion of planning width, providing polynomial guarantees on their runtime and memory consumption. To facilitate synergies across research communities, this paper summarizes the area of width-based planning, and surveys current and future research directions.

Tourism Microentrepreneurship: State of the Art and Research Agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-292
Author(s):  
Birendra Kc ◽  
Chantell Lapan ◽  
Bruno Ferreira ◽  
Duarte B. Morais
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Ecosystem ◽  
New Information ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Microentrepreneurship has always been an important driving force of the tourism industry. However, until recently, this sector was mostly invisible and understudied. Microentrepreneurs are now becoming influential stakeholders due to new information technologies that make their offerings easily accessible to a broader clientele and render their economic activity more transparent and taxable. There is a growing consensus that tourism microentrepreneurs can make destinations more competitive and equitable. Accordingly, there has been a surge of scholarship on tourism microentrepreneurship to inform strategies and policies to fuel microentrepreneurial development and its integration with the formal tourism sector. The purpose of this conceptual article is threefold: first, to discuss the definition of tourism microentrepreneurship and commonly used theoretical conceptualizations, as well as the evolution of research on tourism microentrepreneurship; second, to identify research gaps in the existing literature and propose avenues for future research; third, to serve as an introduction to a Special Section on Tourism Microentrepreneurship. In addition, we offer a set of practical recommendations for destination managers and supporting organizations to develop and nurture networks of microentrepreneurs, and to identify suitable and rewarding microentrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism business ecosystem.

scholarly journals Resilience in Organizations and Societies: The State of the Art and Three Organizing Principles for Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Laura Frigotto ◽  
Mitchell Young ◽  
Rómulo Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Organizing Principles

AbstractResilience has attracted a multitude of scholars from diverse backgrounds and disciplines as it is a desired feature for responding to the adversities that modern societal systems face, not least the Covid-19 pandemic. Existing research displays little convergence on the definition of the concept making a robust theoretical framework and empirical understanding of resilience highly desirable. The aim of this chapter is to provide a more holistic understanding of the complex phenomenon of resilience from a multi-sectorial, cross-national and multidisciplinary perspective by proposing an original approach into the state of the art that might enhance future research. This chapter identifies three organizing principles for a framework of resilience. First, resilience embeds both stability and change which are both required elements. Second, adversities and their novelty profile can be mapped onto a typology of absorptive, adaptive and transformative resilience. Third, resilience has a temporal dimension that can be articulated in regard to forecasting, mechanisms and outcomes. The chapters of this edited book are positioned and connected by applying these three principles, in order to both enable theory testing and theory development throughout the volume and provide key empirical insights useful for societies, organizations and individuals.

scholarly journals Recommendation Technologies for Configurable Products

AI Magazine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Falkner ◽  
Alexander Felfernig ◽  
Albert Haag
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Configurable Products ◽  
Selection Of

State of the art recommender systems support users in the selection of items from a predefined assortment (for example, movies, books, and songs). In contrast to an explicit definition of each individual item, configurable products such as computers, financial service portfolios, and cars are repre¬sented in the form of a configuration knowledge base that describes the properties of allowed instances. Although the knowledge representation used is different compared to non-confi¬gurable products, the decision support requirements remain the same: users have to be supported in finding a solution that fits their wishes and needs. In this article we show how recommendation technologies can be applied for supporting the configuration of products. In addition to existing approaches we discuss relevant issues for future research.

scholarly journals Data Ownership: A Survey

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Jad Asswad ◽  
Jorge Marx Gómez
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Data Ownership ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Innovation Knowledge

The importance of data is increasing along its inflation in our world today. In the big data era, data is becoming a main source for innovation, knowledge and insight, as well as a competitive and financial advantage in the race of information procurement. This interest in acquiring and exploiting data, in addition to the existing concerns regarding the privacy and security of information, raises the question of who should own the data and how the ownership of data can be preserved. This paper discusses and analyses the concept of data ownership and provides an overview on the subject from different point of views. It surveys also the state-of-the-art of data ownership in health, transportation, industry, energy and smart cities sectors and outlines lessons learned with an extended definition of data ownership that may pave the way for future research and work in this area.

The use of urban biowaste and excavated soil in the construction sector: A literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110004
Author(s):  
Giulia Scialpi ◽  
Daniela Perrotti
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Research Orientations ◽  
Urban Waste Management

Soil has been used as building material for thousands of years with a decrease in popularity after the industrial revolution. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the implementation of unfired soil-based building solutions for their low environmental impact, performances and availability. Traditional soil construction techniques have recurrently included vegetal fibres to enhance soil performance and recent studies highlight a predominant use of agro- and non-agro-waste for unfired soil construction. The article reviews the state-of-the-art of the use of excavated soil and biowaste in the construction industry including a novel focus on urban-only waste and on building technologies using the integration of these two secondary construction material flows. Our literature review highlights a lack of references about the joint use of these secondary resources. Finally, future research orientations are suggested to promote their implementation in the building sector, which could improve urban waste management.

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