scholarly journals Influence of the Process of Synthesis of Zeolites from Volcanic Ash in Its Synergistic Action as a Flame-Retardant for Polypropylene Composites

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Jonathan Almirón ◽  
María Vargas ◽  
Danny Tupayachy-Quispe ◽  
Sophie Duquesne ◽  
Francine Roudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this research, the influence of natural zeolites obtained from the volcanic ash of the Ubinas volcano has been studied as synergistic agents in a flame-retardant system (composed of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and polypropylene). Four zeolites were synthesized from volcanic ash, including those that had been calcined and those that had not. These were then placed in an alkaline solution at three synthesis temperatures. Zeolites were characterized through X-ray diffraction, specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption analysis (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and scanning electron microscopy. Polypropylene matrix composites were prepared with ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and zeolites at 1, 5 and 9%. Its thermal stability and fire resistance were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test and cone calorimeter and its morphological structure by scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the synthesis temperature and the use of calcined and without calcined volcanic ash have an influence on the characteristics of the zeolites and on its synergistic action.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Application of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Levels of Acidity as Synergistic Agents in Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Reis Bernardes ◽  
Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende ◽  
Victor de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽  
Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento ◽  
Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Adsorption Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Several studies show a synergistic effect between intumescent formulations and aluminosilicates, such as zeolites and clays, but little is known about the effect of acidity of these additives on the synergistic action. In this work, H-ZSM-5 zeolite was submitted to desilication treatments for 30 min and for 2 h, and silicalite-1 was synthesized. The objective was to obtain samples of equivalent crystalline structure, but with different amounts of acid sites, in order to evaluate the effect of acid concentration of H-ZSM-5 zeolites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation composed by ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol in polypropylene. H-ZSM-5 zeolites and silicalite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The desilication produced H-ZSM-5 zeolites with similar volumes of mesopores in both treatments, but the zeolite resulting from 2 h of desilication presented a higher concentration of acid sites than the zeolite from 30 min. The flame-retardant properties were evaluated by UL-94 classification, limiting oxygen index, glow-wire, thermogravimetric analysis and heating microscopy. The results showed that increasing the concentration and accessibility of the acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolites the flame-retardant properties of the studied composites improved. It is suggested that the increase of acid site concentration positively influences the catalysis of the reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, favoring the production of the precursors of the intumescent layer.

Influence of volcanic ash, rice husk ash, and solid residue of catalytic pyrolysis on the flame-retardant properties of polypropylene composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 434-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Almirón ◽  
Francine Roudet ◽  
Sophie Duquesne
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray

This research determines whether the materials of volcanic ash (CV), rice husk ash (CR), and thermally treated solid waste (RS-T), coming from the pyrolysis of plastics, have some flame-retardant effect when added to polypropylene flame-retardant additives (such as ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol). These materials were characterized by specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption analysis (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods. It was determined that SiO2 and Al2O3 are considered as flame-retardant minerals. Composites composed of polypropylene, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and these materials at several concentrations, from 1% to 9%, were prepared. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites synthesized were investigated based on the limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. It was determined that these materials have a synergistic action with flame-retardant additives by increasing the fireproof properties of polypropylene. Mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests.

scholarly journals Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foam with Keratin and Flame-Retardant Additives

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Krystyna Wrześniewska-Tosik ◽  
Joanna Ryszkowska ◽  
Tomasz Mik ◽  
Ewa Wesołowska ◽  
Tomasz Kowalewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Burning Behavior ◽  
Keratin Fibers ◽  
Scanning Electron

Viscoelastic polyurethane (VEPUR) foams with increased thermal resistance are presented in this article. VEPUR foams were manufactured with the use of various types of flame retardant additives and keratin fibers. The structure of the modified foams was determined by spectrophotometric-(FTIR), thermal-(DSC), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also assessed the fire resistance, hardness, and comfort coefficient (SAG factor). It was found that the use of keratin filler and flame retardant additives changed the foams’ structure and properties as well as their burning behavior. The highest fire resistance was achieved for foams containing keratin and expanding graphite, for which the reduction in heat release rate (HRR) compared to VEPUR foams reached 75%.

Tensile and flammability characterizations of corn straw slagging/high-density polyethylene composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1466-1477
Author(s):  
Qingfa Zhang ◽  
Wenyu Lu ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
Donghong Zhang ◽  
Hongzhen Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
High Density ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Electron

Biocomposites were prepared with corn straw slagging (CSS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at four loading levels (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) by extrusion method. CSS/HDPE composites were tested by tension, oxygen index meter, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and the scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy showed that CSS was dispersed uniformly in the HDPE matrix and strong interfacial interaction was achieved, which had an important influence on the tensile strength of the composites. The tensile strength of the composites could be improved with proper increase of CSS and reached maximum value at 30 wt% content. Furthermore, the addition of CSS played an important role in improving the flame-retardant ability of CSS/HDPE composites, and the limited oxygen index was 31.26% at 40 wt% content, good flame-retardant effect achieved.

Effects of Aluminum Oxide on Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Fire-Retarded Polypropylene Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 598-602
Author(s):  
Shan Hu ◽  
Hui Jing ◽  
Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Al2o3 Content ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Melamine Phosphate ◽  
Scanning Electron

The melamine phosphate (MP) was synthesized from melamine and phosphate acid. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was added into the MP during its synthesis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the reaction products. The composites were prepared from polypropylene (PP) and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) additives of MP and pentaerythritol (PER). The effect of Al2O3 content on the properties of the composites was investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the LOI value of the composites could be enhanced obviously with suitable content of Al2O3. When the Al2O3 content was 6 wt% in MP, the LOI value increased to 35.5% from 31.0% for the composite without Al2O3, the amount of residual char at 600°C increased from 8.9 wt% to 13.9 wt%.

Influence of Gamma Irradiation to Magneto-Impedance Ratio in the Electrodeposited [NiFe/Cu]4 Multilayer

2020 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Ismail ◽  
Bangun Pribadi ◽  
Vina Oktaria ◽  
Artono Dwijo Sutomo ◽  
Utari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Property ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Impedance Ratio ◽  
Gamma Irradiated ◽  
Scanning Electron

Influence of gamma irradiation to the magneto-impedance ratio of the electrodeposited [NiFe/Cu]4 multilayer on meander-shape PCB substrate has been studied. The magneto-impedance ratios were measured for both un-irradiated and irradiated by gamma radiation of Co-60 with a total dose of 40 Gy. The morphological structure were done by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The decrease in grain size of the samples after Gamma irradiated is observed. The magnetic property modifies as consequence of the change in the microstructure samples. Within result, the magneto-impedance ratio decreases around 34.9% for irradiated sample.

Bimetallic Ni-Mo Nitride as the Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 872 ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis V. Leybo ◽  
Natalia I. Kosova ◽  
Konstantin O. Chuprunov ◽  
Denis V. Kuznetsov ◽  
Irina A. Kurzina
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Hydrogenation Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation ◽  
Scanning Electron

The possibility of bimetallic Ni-Mo nitrides usage as the catalysts in carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction was examined in this work. Powders were synthesized through thermo-programmed reduction of precursor, which was produced by evaporation of the metal-containing solution. Specimens were investigated by x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that final powders provide CO2 conversion of 29 % for contact time of 0.26 s.

Synthesis、Structure and Catalytic Activity of TiO2/ La2Zr2O7 Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 2878-2881
Author(s):  
Yu Ping Tong ◽  
Yu Qing Zhao ◽  
Hong Yuan Huo ◽  
Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Photocatalytic Property ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

TiO2/La2Zr2O7 composites were fabricated by sol-gel method. The composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption. The results showed that TiO2 was uniformly coated on the surface of La2Zr2O7 powders. The BET surface area of TiO2/La2Zr2O7 composites was 26.78 m2/g, which was larger than that of La2Zr2O7. Also, the photodegradation of methyl orange was used to evaluate its photocatalytic property. It was found that TiO2/La2Zr2O7 composites showed good photocatalytic activity and the decomposition of methyl orange had basically completed within 30 min.

scholarly journals Studi Awal Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O dengan Penambahan Carbon Nanotube dan TiO2 Menggunakan Metoda Reaksi Padatan dan Proses Sintering Berulang [Preliminary Study Synthesis and Characterization of Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O By Addition of Carbon Nanotube and TiO2 Using Solid Reaction Method and Recurrent Sintering Process]

Metalurgi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki Syahfina ◽  
Bintoro Siswayanti ◽  
Sigit Dwi Yudanto ◽  
Agung Imaduddin ◽  
Nurul Suhada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ with the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and TiO2 have been synthesized using solid state reaction method with the repeated sintering process. 0.1 wt % of CNT and 5 wt% of TiO2 have been added to analyze the effect on the synthesizing of 2223 phases. The samples were analyzed using XRD (X-ray diffractometer) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Based on the XRD results, 2223 and 2212 were formed. The addition of CNTs and TiO2 reduced the intensity of 2223 phases. This is due to the addition of CNTs and TiO2 as an impurity and prevent the formation of the phases. Also, the repeated sintering process led to the increase of 2223 phase, and the decrease of 2212 phase. However, the repeated sintering process in the B-CNT and B-TiO samples eliminates the impurities phase thus increasing the volume fraction 2223 and decreasing the volume fraction 2212. Based on morphological structure through SEM observation, the addition of CNT in the Bi(Pb)-2223 samples formed longer plates with large porosity spaces while the addition of TiO2 formed clumps on the Bi(Pb)-2223 morphological structure. However, the repeated sintering process improves the morphological structure of B-CNT and B-TiO becomes increasingly denser and the smaller porosity space.AbstrakTelah dilakukan sintesis Bi1,6Pb0,4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ dengan penambahan CNT (carbon nanotube) dan penambahan TiO2 menggunakan metode reaksi padatan dengan proses sintering berulang. Penambahan CNT sebesar 0,1 %berat dan TiO2 sebesar 5 %berat dan sintering berulang dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruhnya terhadap pembentukan fasa 2223 beserta pengotornya, dan mempelajari perubahan morfologi Bi1,6Pb0,4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ. Bi1,6Pb0,4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ yang dibuat dianalisis dengan XRD (x-ray diffractometer) dan SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Berdasarkan hasil XRD, penambahan 0,1 %berat CNT dan TiO2 sebesar 5 %berat pada superkonduktor Bi(Pb)-2223 diketahui menghasilkan fasa 2223, fasa 2212, dan juga fasa pengotor. Namun proses sintering berulang mampu mengurangi fasa impuritas, meningkatkan fraksi volume 2223, serta menurunkan fraksi volume 2212.   Berdasarkan pengamatan struktur morfologi melalui SEM, penambahan CNT pada superkonduktor Bi(Pb)-2223 membentuk serpihan memanjang dengan ruang porositas yang besar sedangkan penambahan TiO2 membentuk gumpalan pada struktur morfologi Bi(Pb)-2223. Proses sintering berulang mampu memperbaiki struktur morfologi B-CNT dan B-TiO menjadi semakin rapat dan ruang porositas yang semakin kecil.  

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