A Sustainable Autoclaved Material Made of Glass Sand

Far-reaching technological progress, manufacturing, and rapidly advancing globalization dictate new conditions for the development and changes in the construction industry. Valorization of by-products and the use of secondary materials in the production of building materials have attracted a lot of attention. Silicate materials were assessed on the basis of their compressive property. An orthogonal compositional plan type 3k (with k = 2), that is, a full two-factor experiment was applied in order to carry out the compressive strength and bulk density tests. Glass sand was added to the silicate mass as a modification. The results show that the compressive strength was higher than that of traditional bricks. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry SEM/EDS was used to study the microstructure, whereas the XRD analysis was applied to examine the structures. Laboratory tests were performed on samples with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 mm. The results show the bulk density increase to the value of 1.75 kg/dm3, which increases the acoustic performance of the new products. The results of the modifications also indicate changes in the structure of the new bricks. The reference sample contained α-quartz, zeolite, tobermorite 9A, and calcium aluminum silicate (Ca2Al4Si12O32), whereas the samples modified with glass sand, the presence of phases such as α-cristobalite, natrolite, tobermorite 11A, gyrolite, and analcite was recorded.

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Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Silica–Lime Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020549 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 549

Author(s):

Katarzyna Borek ◽

Przemysław Czapik

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Quartz Sand ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Waste Glass ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Waste Container

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

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Cellulose Fibres as a Reinforcing Element in Building Materials

Proccedings of 10th International Conference "Environmental Engineering" ◽

10.3846/enviro.2017.104 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Viola Hospodarova ◽

Nadezda Stevulova ◽

Vojtech Vaclavik ◽

Tomas Dvorsky ◽

Jaroslav Briancin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Building Materials ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Natural Fibre ◽

Cement Composites ◽

Cellulose Fibres ◽

Cellulosic Fibres

Nowadays, construction sector is focusing in developing sustainable, green and eco-friendly building materials. Natural fibre is growingly being used in composite materials. This paper provides utilization of cellulose fibres as reinforcing agent into cement composites/plasters. Provided cellulosic fibres coming from various sources as bleached wood pulp and recycled waste paper fibres. Differences between cellulosic fibres are given by their physical characterization, chemical composition and SEM micrographs. Physical and mechanical properties of fibre-cement composites with fibre contents 0.2; 0.3and 0.5% by weight of filler and binder were investigated. Reference sample without fibres was also produced. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of cellulose fibres on the final properties (density, water absorbability, coefficient of thermal conductivity and compressive strength) of the fibrecement plasters after 28 days of hardening. Testing of plasters with varying amount of cellulose fibres (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) has shown that the resulting physical and mechanical properties depend on the amount, the nature and structure of the used fibres. Linear dependences of compressive strength and thermal conductivity on density for plasters with cellulosic fibres adding were observed.

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The Impact of Fly Ash after SNCR Treated with Tannin-Based Products on AAC Production

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.173 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 296 ◽

pp. 173-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matěj Lédl ◽

Lucie Galvánková ◽

Rostislav Drochytka

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Catalytic Reduction ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Gaseous Ammonia ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Consistency Test ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

The Impact

This paper is focused on the effect of treatment of fly ash after selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with tannin on autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) production in order to reduce or stop ammonia leakage from the fresh mixture due to its alkalinity. A pure form of tannin and a tannin-based product „Farmatan“ were used as a treatment in dosage ranging from 0,5 g – 3 g of agent per 1 kg of fly ash. Efficient dosage was determined at 2 wt.% of fly ash by the speed of an indicator change due to gaseous ammonia diluted in water. The rheological properties of fresh mixtures were observed by consistency test in Viskomat showing that Farmatan causes delay of hydration. The results of bulk density and compressive strength testing revealed that Farmatan causes an increase of bulk density and at higher amount decreases the compressive strength because of thermal crack formation due to combined effect of delayed hydration and thixotropy. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis there were no differences in phase composition observed.

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Experimental Studies on Compressive Strength of Aerated Concrete with Varying Percentage of Aluminium Powder

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130901197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 309 ◽

pp. 01197

Author(s):

G.V.V. Satyanarayana ◽

A. Ranjith

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Industrial Growth ◽

Aluminium Powder ◽

Aerated Concrete ◽

Lime Powder ◽

By Products

Today the disposal of various by-product materials is a concern against the environment, these are producing due to rapid industrial growth in our country. Most of the researchers are focused on the utilization of these by-products in the civil engineering construction industry. By using these by-products, on one hand, will protect the environment and other hands the disposal problem will be solved. Day by day the requirement of building materials increased due to urbanization, due to this more raw materials are required and depleted the natural resources. In this contest, environmental protection is need to protect incremental temperature in nature. To avoid these problems of the modern era, aggregation of these by-products can be used as one of building material and to overcome this situation, Aerated concrete is one of the solutions by reducing the raw material quantity in concrete like sand and cement by introducing air without compromising in the volume. Day to day aerated concrete has become popular due to lightweight and high insulation against temperature and sound. This concrete is using in high raised buildings to reduce the self-weight of building to protect during earthquake situations. In this experimental study mainly performed the compressive strength of aerated concrete with replacement of sand by quarry dust. Also reducing the cement content with replacement of fly ash, GGBS and lime powder at various percentages that is ranging. the performance of aerated concrete was observed more satisfactory when compared with and without replacement of above-saided materials.

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Using Fly Ash Wastes for the Development of New Building Materials with Improved Compressive Strength

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020644 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 644

Author(s):

Maria Harja ◽

Carmen Teodosiu ◽

Dorina Nicolina Isopescu ◽

Osman Gencel ◽

Doina Lutic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Building Materials ◽

Simple Procedure ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Partial Hydrolysis ◽

Alkali Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Powder Xrd Analysis

Fly ash wastes (silica, aluminum and iron-rich materials) could be smartly valorized by their incorporation in concrete formulation, partly replacing the cement. The necessary binding properties can be accomplished by a simple procedure: an alkali activation process, involving partial hydrolysis, followed by gel formation and polycondensation. The correlations between the experimental fly ash processing conditions, particle characteristics (size and morphology) and the compressive strength values of the concrete prepared using this material were investigated by performing a parametric optimization study to deduce the optimal processing set of conditions. The alkali activation procedure included the variation of the NaOH solutions concentration (8–12 M), temperature values (25–65 °C) and the liquid/solid ratio (1–3). The activation led to important modifications of the crystallography of the samples (shown by powder XRD analysis), their morphologies (seen by SEM), particle size distribution and Blaine surface values. The values of the compressive strength of concrete prepared using fly ash derivatives were between 16.8–22.6 MPa. Thus, the processed fly ash qualifies as a proper potential building material, solving disposal-associated problems, as well as saving significant amounts of cement consumed in concrete formulation.

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Use fly ash for the production of lightweight building materials

Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.15625/2615-9783/16204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Lan Tran Thi ◽

Duong Nguyen Anh ◽

Anh Phan Luu ◽

Man Tran Thi

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Power Plants ◽

Building Materials ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Joint Stock Company ◽

Mixture Ratio ◽

Lightweight Material ◽

Optimal Mixture Ratio

Fly ash is a waste byproduct of thermal power plants or steel plants with a low density. Study on using fly ash to produce lightweight construction materials will is a new application of this material resource. Pha Lai fly ash is a byproduct from Pha Lai Thermal Power Joint Stock Company, in which the main mineral component was mullite (15-20%), quartz (14-16%), carbon (5-7%). The content of the amorphous component was about 67-73%. The chemical composition of Pha Lai mainly was SiO2 (51.73%), Al2O3 (23.22%), Fe2O3 (4.23%). To fabricate the lightweight material from Pha Lai fly ash, the fly ash was mixed with additive materials to create binders following two ways: (1) lime + fly ash and (2) geopolymer technology. For the way of lime + fly ash, with the optimal mixture ratio was fly ash:lime: water = 10:2:1, the lightweight material samples had the bulk density of 1.32g/cm3, the compressive strength of 3.91 MPa, satisfied the Vietnamese standard TCVN 6477-2011 for concrete bricks. Applying the geopolymer technology, with the optimal mixture ratio was fly ash: NaOH/Na2SiO3: Al powder = 100:45:0.15, NaOH/Na2SiO3 ratio = 1:2, the lightweight materials obtained the bulk density of 0,62g/cm3, the compressive strength of 1,54 MPa, satisfied the Vietnamese standard TCVN:9029-2017 for Lightweight concrete - Foam concrete and non-autoclaved concrete products-specification.

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An Innovative Method for the Sustainable Utilization of Blast-furnace Slag in the Cleaner Production of One-part Hybrid Cement

10.21203/rs.3.rs-581722/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Esraa K. Fayed ◽

Fouad I. El-Hosiny ◽

Ibrahim M. El-Kattan ◽

Hamdy A. Abdel-Gawwad

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Blast Furnace ◽

Alkaline Solution ◽

Blast Furnace Slag ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Control Sample ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Aluminum Silicate ◽

Furnace Slag

Abstract Hybrid cement (HC) can be defined as alkali activated-blended-Portland cement (PC). It was prepared by the addition of an alkaline solution to high-volume aluminosilicate-blended-PC. Although this cement exhibits higher mechanical performance compared to conventional blended one (aluminosilicate-PC blend), it represents lower commercial viability because of the corrosive nature of an alkaline solution. Therefore, this study focuses on the preparing one-part-HC using dry activator-based blast-furnace slag (DAS). DAS was prepared by mixing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with blast-furnace slag (BFS) at low water to BFS ratio, followed by drying and grinding to yield DAS-powder. Different contents of DAS (equivalent to 70 wt.% BFS and 1, 2, and 3 wt.% NaOH) were blended with 30 wt.% PC. A mixture containing 70 wt.% BFS and 30 wt.% PC was used as a reference sample. The mortar was adjusted at sand: powder (BFS-PC and/or DAS-PC) weight ratio of 3: 1. The microstructural analysis proved that DAS-powder is mainly composed of sodium calcium aluminosilicate activated species and unreacted BFS. These species can interact again with water to form calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) and NaOH, suggesting that the DAS acts as NaOH-carrier. One-part HC-mortars having 1, 2, and 3 wt.% NaOH recorded 7-days compressive strength values 82, 44, and 27 %, respectively, higher than that of the control sample. At 180-days of curing, a significant reduction in compressive strength was observed within HC-mortar having 3 wt.% NaOH. This could be attributed to the increase of Ca (within C-S-H) replacement by Na, forming Na-rich-phase with lower binding capacity. The main hydration products within HC are C-S-H, C-A-S-H, and chabazite as one of zeolite family.

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The effect of adding natural wastes on some properties of gypsum: تأثير إضافة المخلفات الطبيعية على بعض خواص الجبس

Journal of engineering sciences and information technology - مجلة العلوم الهندسية و تكنولوجيا المعلومات ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.l170621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 77-65

Author(s):

Alaa Ahmad Zohir Kattan, Nada Altonji, Fatima Alsaleh Alaa Ahmad Zohir Kattan, Nada Altonji, Fatima Alsaleh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Building Materials ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Basic Material ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Peanut Shells

In this research, the effect of adding some natural wastes to gypsum was studied in order to use them as thermal insulation materials in buildings and to recycle these wastes. Thermal insulation panels were installed from gypsum (as a basic material) and natural wastes (sawdust, peanut shells, wheat straw, cottonwood) at percentages (10, 15, 20) %, and some of their mechanical and physical properties, and their thermal conductivity were studied. The results indicated an improvement in some properties of gypsum after adding wastes, and obtaining thermal building materials that have better properties than the reference sample (gypsum) in some cases. Rough sawdust samples (SdR15, SdR20) achieved the highest compressive strength exceeding (4MPa). The flexural strength was for peanut shells samples (P10:1.76 MPa, P15:1.8 MPa), while the most efficient samples as thermal insulation were ground straw and smooth sawdust samples (SdS15, SdS20, GSt15, GSt20) where their thermal conductivity was (0.194-0.141W/m.K), which makes it acceptable according to the Syrian thermal insulation code.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Clay-Polyethylene Composite Opted for Shielding of Ionizing Radiation

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11091068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1068

Author(s):

S. F. Olukotun ◽

S. T. Gbenu ◽

K. O. Oyedotun ◽

O. Fasakin ◽

M. I. Sayyed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Radiation Shielding ◽

Aluminum Silicate ◽

Displacement Effect ◽

X Ray ◽

Polyethylene Composite

This study fabricated and characterized a self-sustaining hydrogenous content clay-polyethylene composite opted for ionizing radiation shielding. Composites designated A–G were fabricated each containing 0–30 wt% of recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE), respectively. To know the effects of the incorporated LDPE on the morphology, microstructural, compressive strength, thermal property and displacement effect on the vital elements were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), universal mechanical testing machine, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Rutherford backscattering (RBS) technique and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), respectively. The bulk densities of the clay composites ranged between 1.341 and 2.030 g/cm3. The samples’ XRD analysis revealed similar patterns, with a sharp and prominent peak at angle 2θ equals ~26.11°, which matched with card number 16-0606 of the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) that represents Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide (Al2Si2O5(OH)4), a basic formula for Kaolin clay. The compressive strength ranged between 2.52 and 5.53 MPa. The ratio of Si to Al in each composite is about 1:1. The dehydroxylation temperature for samples ranged between 443.23 °C and 555.23 °C.

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EFFECT OF SLAG AND GLASS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction ◽

10.14455/isec.res.2020.7(1).mat-14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pranshoo Solanki ◽

Ryan Long ◽

Xi Hu

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Glass Powder ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Substitution Level ◽

Concrete Mixtures ◽

Steel Manufacturing ◽

Fine Aggregates ◽

Glass Sand ◽

Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽

By Products

New innovative ways are being developed to recycle by-products and waste material in concrete that otherwise would end up in landfill. Glass, a byproduct of municipal recycling program, and slag, a byproduct of steel manufacturing, are two such materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partially substituting sand with glass powder and cement with slag on compressive strength and electrical resistivity of concrete. A total of 16 concrete mixtures including one control with different substitution level of sand with glass and cement with slag were designed and further tested for compressive strength. Portland cement was substituted with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% slag by weight. On the other hand, fine aggregates (or sand) was substituted with glass sand, with level of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by weight. Additional selected mixes were prepared by substituting both cement (20%, 40%, 50%) and fine aggregates (20%, 40%, 60%) with slag and glass, respectively. Cement substitution with slag up to 40% was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete beyond which decrease in strength was noticed. Fine aggregate substitution with glass powder produced concrete weaker than the control specimens. Mixes prepared by substituting 40% cement with slag and 20% fine aggregates with glass powder produced highest strength among all the different combinations of slag and glass containing specimens.

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