The Frontal Aslant Tract and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome: Moving towards a Connectomic Initiation Axis

Connectomics is the use of big data to map the brain’s neural infrastructure; employing such technology to improve surgical planning may improve neuro-oncological outcomes. Supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome is a well-known complication of medial frontal lobe surgery. The ‘localizationist’ view posits that damage to the posteromedial bank of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is the basis of SMA syndrome. However, surgical experience within the frontal lobe suggests that this is not entirely true. In a study on n = 45 patients undergoing frontal lobe glioma surgery, we sought to determine if a ‘connectomic’ or network-based approach can decrease the likelihood of SMA syndrome. The control group (n = 23) underwent surgery avoiding the posterior bank of the SFG while the treatment group (n = 22) underwent mapping of the SMA network and Frontal Aslant Tract (FAT) using network analysis and DTI tractography. Patient outcomes were assessed post operatively and in subsequent follow-ups. Fewer patients (8.3%) in the treatment group experienced transient SMA syndrome compared to the control group (47%) (p = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference found between the occurrence of permanent SMA syndrome between control and treatment groups. We demonstrate how utilizing tractography and a network-based approach decreases the likelihood of transient SMA syndrome during medial frontal glioma surgery. We found that not transecting the FAT and the SMA system improved outcomes which may be important for functional outcomes and patient quality of life.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Musa acuminata Stem

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1709944 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (02) ◽

pp. 294-298

Author(s):

Maharani Laillyza Apriasari ◽

Selviana Rizky Pramitha ◽

Dewi Puspitasari ◽

Diah Savitri Ernawati

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Musa Acuminata ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Mucosal Wound ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Abstract Objective This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Musa acuminata through the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κB) after 3 days of application of Musa acuminata stem extract (MASE) gel on oral mucosal wound. Materials and Methods An experimental study with post-test only control group design was conducted. Twenty male Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were injured on their left buccal mucosa and treated three times a day with MASE gel of varying concentrations: 0% (as control), MASE 25%, MASE 37.5%, and MASE 50%. On day 3, a biopsy was performed on each mucosal wound for later immunohistochemical analysis for the expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB. Results The highest expression of TNF-α was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.79), while the lowest was in the treatment group using 50% MASE (6.40 ± 1.14). Meanwhile the comparison between treatment groups did not highlight any significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest expression of NF-κB was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.30), whereas the lowest was in the treatment group using MASE 50% (6.40 ± 1.14). NF-κB was significantly lower in the treatment group using MASE 50% when compared with other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Application of MASE on mucosal wound reduces the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB at all concentrations. The anti-inflammatory effect of MASE 50% was the strongest one.

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Activity or connectivity? A randomized controlled feasibility study evaluating neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease

Brain Communications ◽

10.1093/braincomms/fcaa049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marina Papoutsi ◽

Joerg Magerkurth ◽

Oliver Josephs ◽

Sophia E Pépés ◽

Temi Ibitoye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Huntington's Disease ◽

Huntington’S Disease ◽

Real Time ◽

Functional Mri ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Motor Area ◽

Psychomotor Function ◽

Neurofeedback Training ◽

Treatment Groups

Abstract Non-invasive methods, such as neurofeedback training, could support cognitive symptom management in Huntington’s disease by targeting brain regions whose function is impaired. The aim of our single-blind, sham-controlled study was to collect rigorous evidence regarding the feasibility of neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease by examining two different methods, activity and connectivity real-time functional MRI neurofeedback training. Thirty-two Huntington’s disease gene-carriers completed 16 runs of neurofeedback training, using an optimized real-time functional MRI protocol. Participants were randomized into four groups, two treatment groups, one receiving neurofeedback derived from the activity of the supplementary motor area, and another receiving neurofeedback based on the correlation of supplementary motor area and left striatum activity (connectivity neurofeedback training), and two sham control groups, matched to each of the treatment groups. We examined differences between the groups during neurofeedback training sessions and after training at follow-up sessions. Transfer of training was measured by measuring the participants’ ability to upregulate neurofeedback training target levels without feedback (near transfer), as well as by examining change in objective, a priori defined, behavioural measures of cognitive and psychomotor function (far transfer) before and at 2 months after training. We found that the treatment group had significantly higher neurofeedback training target levels during the training sessions compared to the control group. However, we did not find robust evidence of better transfer in the treatment group compared to controls, or a difference between the two neurofeedback training methods. We also did not find evidence in support of a relationship between change in cognitive and psychomotor function and learning success. We conclude that although there is evidence that neurofeedback training can be used to guide participants to regulate the activity and connectivity of specific regions in the brain, evidence regarding transfer of learning and clinical benefit was not robust.

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Resection of supplementary motor area gliomas: revisiting supplementary motor syndrome and the role of the frontal aslant tract

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2021.4.jns21187 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jacob S. Young ◽

Andrew J. Gogos ◽

Alexander A. Aabedi ◽

Ramin A. Morshed ◽

Matheus P. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Motor Area ◽

Brain Atlas ◽

Diffuse Glioma ◽

Cingulate Gyrus ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Sma Syndrome ◽

Volumetric Assessment ◽

Frontal Aslant Tract ◽

Sma Resection

OBJECTIVE The supplementary motor area (SMA) is an eloquent region that is frequently a site for glioma, or the region is included in the resection trajectory to deeper lesions. Although the clinical relevance of SMA syndrome has been well described, it is still difficult to predict who will become symptomatic. The object of this study was to define which patients with SMA gliomas would go on to develop a postoperative SMA syndrome. METHODS The University of California, San Francisco, tumor registry was searched for patients who, between 2010 and 2019, had undergone resection for newly diagnosed supratentorial diffuse glioma (WHO grades II–IV) performed by the senior author and who had at least 3 months of follow-up. Pre- and postoperative MRI studies were reviewed to confirm the tumor was located in the SMA region, and the extent of SMA resection was determined by volumetric assessment. Patient, tumor, and outcome data were collected retrospectively from documents available in the electronic medical record. Tumors were registered to a standard brain atlas to create a frequency heatmap of tumor volumes and resection cavities. RESULTS During the study period, 56 patients (64.3% male, 35.7% female) underwent resection of a newly diagnosed glioma in the SMA region. Postoperatively, 60.7% developed an SMA syndrome. Although the volume of tumor within the SMA region did not correlate with the development of SMA syndrome, patients with the syndrome had larger resection cavities in the SMA region (25.4% vs 14.2% SMA resection, p = 0.039). The size of the resection cavity in the SMA region did not correlate with the severity of the SMA syndrome. Patients who developed the syndrome had cavities that were located more posteriorly in the SMA region and in the cingulate gyrus. When the frontal aslant tract (FAT) was preserved, 50% of patients developed the SMA syndrome postoperatively, whereas 100% of the patients with disruption of the FAT during surgery developed the SMA syndrome (p = 0.06). Patients with SMA syndrome had longer lengths of stay (5.6 vs 4.1 days, p = 0.027) and were more likely to be discharged to a rehabilitation facility (41.9% vs 0%, p < 0.001). There was no difference in overall survival for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients with SMA syndrome compared to those without SMA syndrome (1.6 vs 3.0 years, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS For patients with SMA glioma, more extensive resections and resections involving the posterior SMA region and posterior cingulate gyrus increased the likelihood of a postoperative SMA syndrome. Although SMA syndrome occurred in all cases in which the FAT was resected, FAT preservation does not reliably avoid SMA syndrome postoperatively.

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PREVENTION OF RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE BY USING VARIOUS DRUGS IMMEDIATELY AFTER PARTURITION IN COWS

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v14i1.28829 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 79-84

Author(s):

M. A. A. Azad ◽

M. M. Rahman ◽

B. Sinha ◽

M. M. Shamsuddin ◽

F. Y. Bari

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Group Iv ◽

Fetal Membrane ◽

Control Group ◽

Community Based ◽

Group V ◽

Group Iii ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of the study was to investigate for the effect of different drugs immediately after parturition on the reduction of retention of placenta in selected cows. One hundred pregnant cows from members of Community Based Dairy Veterinary Foundation, Shikalbaha, Potiya, Chittagong were included in this study belonged to two breeds viz, cross bred and local, aged 3-8 years, calved 1-5 times with BCS 2-3.5. The cows were divided into five groups; group L (n=20) treated with oxytocin 50 iu/intramuscular, group IL (n=20) treated with calcium 400 ml/intravenous, group III: (n=20) treated with methyl ergometrine maleate 20 mg/intramuscular, group IV: (n=20) treated with oxytocin 50 iu/ intramuscular plus calcium 400 ml/ intravenous and group V: (n=20) served as non-treated control. The incidence of retained fetal membrane was 35% in control group, while that of pooled treatment group had 15%. This reduction was significant (P<0.05). In the present study, there was no significant difference among the different treatment groups on the prevention of retention (P>0.05). The incidence of retained fetal membrane was affected by the age and breed of cows (P<0.05). However, this effect was override by treatment and injection of drugs immediately after parturition decreases the incidence of retention of placenta in cows.

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Ellagic Acid Activity in Healing Process of Incision Wound on Male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v3i6.1131 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 224

Author(s):

Hardany Primarizky ◽

Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti ◽

Bambang Sektiari Lukiswanto

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Ellagic Acid ◽

Healing Process ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Wound Healing Process ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Incision Wound

This study was conducted to prove whether ellagic acid can be used as a regulator of incision wound healing process in male albino rats as experimental animals. A total of 24 male healthy rats based on physical examination, aged at 3 months old and weight at 150-180 grams used in this study. Rats were divided into three groups and each group has 8 replications, group of control (P0) has no incision wound and no medication, treatment group (P1) has incision wound and treated with Betadine® and (P2) has incision wound and treated with 2,5 % ellagic acid. The variable that observed are histopathology changes (collagen, PMN, angiogenesis and fibrosis) from the male albino rats. The samples collection was taken at day 15 and data were collected and analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The result of collagen and PMN cells score in the control group (P0) were 1.80 ± 0.16 and 1.6 ± 0.08 with mild angiogenesis and no fibrosis. The results in the treatment (P2) group, where the collagen and PMN scores were 1.60 ± 0.08 and 1.5 ± 0.8, accompanied by mild angiogenesis and fibrosis. Meanwhile, in the treatment (P1) group, the results of scoring of collagen and PMN were lower than the other groups, 0, 80 ± 0.08 and 0.6 ± 0.16 accompanied by moderate angiogenesis and fibrosis. There was a significant difference of collagen scoring, PMN cells number, fibrosis and angiogenesis among the treatment groups (p<0.05). P1 treatment group has significant different with treatment groups P0 and P2 (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between treatment groups P0 and P2 (p>0.05). From the results, it can be concluded that the topical application of ellagic acid ointment was proved to provide healing process on incision wound. Topical administration of ellagic acid ointment for 14 days was able to improve the skin condition and promoted the wound healing.Keywords: Ellagic acid ; wound healing ; collagen ; angiogenesis ; fibrosis ; anti-inflammatory ; antioxidant ; antibacterial.

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The Effect of Duration of Use of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate on the Thickness of the Vaginal Epithelium of Mice

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.5574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (A) ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Nora Veri ◽

Cut Mutiah ◽

Dewita Dewita ◽

Henniwati Henniwati

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Social Marketing ◽

Vaginal Epithelium ◽

Control Group ◽

Homogeneity Test ◽

Average Thickness ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Epithelial Thickness ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Levene Test

BACKGROUND: Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is one of the most effective contraceptive methods currently widely used. Injectable contraceptives, including DMPA, are growing in popularity because of their ease of use, effectiveness and affordability. The use of DMPA also has advantages such as not interfering with sexual relations, does not need male participation, does not require storage space, and is easy to obtain and helps increase body weight. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of the duration of use of DMPA on the thickness of the vaginal epithelium of mice. METHODS: The research design used in this study was true experimental with a post-test only control group design approach. This research was carried out treatment at a dose of 0.39 mg/mouse/day DMPA exposure in mice. The phenomenon observed in this study was the thickness of the vaginal epithelium of mice. This study used mice with the completely randomized design method and was carried out at the Pharmacology Laboratory and the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, FKH Unsyiah. The collection of data technique was conducted by observation with a light microscope to calculate the average thickness of the vaginal epithelium of mice injected with DMPA in the four groups. The data analysis technique was carried out in five stages, namely, the normality test of the sample data with the Shapiro–Wilk test, the homogeneity test of variance with the Levene test, and comparing the thickness of the vaginal epithelium in each of the two treatment groups using the independent t-test. RESULTS: The finding revised that there was a significant difference in the thickness of the vaginal epithelium in the two treatment groups 10 days and 15 days of DMPA exposure which was indicated by a p = 0.003 (p < 0.05). DMPA exposure levels cause thinning of the vaginal epithelial thickness. The average thickness of vaginal epithelium exposure to DMPA for 10 days in the control group was 182536.33 ± 5773.465. In the treatment group, exposure to DMPA for 10 days, the thickness of the vaginal epithelium was 168322.33 ± 7611.300. The mean vaginal epithelial thickness in the 15-day DMPA exposure group in the control group was 177242.83 ± 9689.558. In the 15-day DMPA exposure treatment group, the thickness of the vaginal epithelium was 138674.83 ± 17176.124. CONCLUSION: The application of social marketing has not been effective in changing the smoking behavior of students in Aceh. The application of social marketing needs to be supported by internal and external Islamic Boarding Schools.

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Dietary cottonseed consumption induced subfertility in male and female rats: a potent eco-friendly rodenticide compound

10.21203/rs.3.rs-538459/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fariborz Nowzari ◽

Farhad Rahmanifar ◽

Nader Tanideh ◽

Mohammad Reza Dorvash ◽

Arezoo Khoradmehr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Whole Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Cottonseed Flour ◽

Male And Female ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Effects of cottonseed flour in male and female rats’ fertility based on hormonal and histomorphometry changes were studied. Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley adult male and female rats were randomly divided into control and treatment groups. Treatment group was received diets containing cottonseed flour for 35 days. Control group was given standard rat food. Body and testis weights, epididymis semen evaluation indices and serum sex steroid hormones were determined. Histomorphometry alterations of testes and ovary were evaluated. Then, normal female and male rats were mated by rats in both groups and after 35 days, number of pups was measured. However, there was no significant difference in whole body and testes weights, sperm concentration and viability between the control and treatment groups, respectively. Moreover, sperm motility in the treatment rats was significantly lower than the control group. Serum hormones alterations were not significant, but histomorphometry evaluations of testes showed significant changes in the testis structures after chronic consumption of cottonseed flour. In the female rats, body weight did not have significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Histomorphometry data in female ovary showed significant reduction of primary follicle volume and number in the treatment group against control. Follicle stimulating hormone showed insignificant reduction in the treatment group. Number of pups was significantly reduced in the female rats fed by cottonseed flour. Cottonseed flour in rat diet had adverse effects on rat reproduction. Therefore, it can be used as an efficient product for control of the rat population as a natural rodenticide agent.

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Effect of Furosemide on the Clinical Course of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.5.908 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 908-910

Author(s):

Thomas E. Wiswell ◽

James S. Rawlings ◽

Franklin R. Smith ◽

Elwin D. Goo

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Length Of Hospitalization

The effect of furosemide on the course of transient tachypnea of the newborn was evaluated in a controlled, prospective study. Fifty infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups. Those in the treatment group were given furosemide, 2 mg/kg orally, at the time of diagnosis followed by 1 mg/kg 12 hours later if the symptoms persisted. Infants in the control group received a placebo. Compared with infants in the control group, the furosemide-treated group demonstrated no significant difference in the duration of tachypnea nor in the length of hospitalization. It is concluded that oral furosemide, at the doses used in this study, does not significantly affect the clinical course of transient tachypnea of the newborn.

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Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu-Ibu Rumah Tangga Dalam Perilaku Pengobatan Sendiri Untuk Penatalaksanaan Demam Dengan Metode Cara Belajar Ibu Aktif

Borneo Journal of Pharmacy ◽

10.33084/bjop.v1i1.240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27-30

Author(s):

Rezqi Handayani

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Mean Value ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Control Group ◽

Test Results ◽

Self Medication ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

The Mean

Pharmacological therapy in fever patients is to provide Antipyretic drugs, can be done by using a doctor's prescription or by self-treatment. The condition that occurs in the community is self-medication conducted in the category of irrational treatment therapy because it is not in accordance with the condition of the patient. So, it is necessary to do education using Active Mother�s Ways of Learning Method to the housewives about rational fever self-treatment. The sample in this study were 40 housewives in the Flamboyant Bawah, divided into two major groups namely the control and treatment groups. Each group was given a pretest and posttest in a questionnaire of fever management. In the treatment group, fever drug education given before posttest by used CBIA method. The results showed an increase in knowledge of housewives from before education and after education was seen from the acquisition of grades. The mean pretest value in the control group was 74.38 and the treatment group was 69.69. Statistical test results show there was no significant difference in the mean value between the control group and the treatment group. The mean posttest value in the control group was 77.81 and the treatment group was 87.50. There was a significant difference between the mean value of the control group and treatment group. From the results of the statistical analysis showed that the level of knowledge of the treatment group given education by used the CBIA method produced a higher value than the control group that was not given education.

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Inhibitory effect of jengkol leaf (Pithecellobium jiringa) extract to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i3.p148-152 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 148

Author(s):

Muhammad Luthfi ◽

Ira Arundina ◽

Nizamiar Hamni

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Optical Density ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Mean Value ◽

Optimum Dose ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: Candida albicans (C. albicans) are dimorphic fungi in oral cavity, considered not only as normal flora, but also as pathogens. C. albicans have an ability to grow biofilm, which has a thick layer of outer skin structure, called as extracellular matrix. Jengkol leaves (Pithecellobium jiringa) contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and lectins, which have an ability as antifungal agent Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the optimum dose of jengkol leaf extract as antibiofilm against C. albicans biofilms. Method: C. albicans were cultured on yeast peptone dextrosa (YPD) media in 96-well microtiter plate flat bottom plates. There were one control group (without treatment) and three treatment groups. The first treatment group was given jengkol leaf extract at a dose of 100 mg/ ml. The second treatment group was given jengkol leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/ ml. And, the third treatment group was given jengkol leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg/ ml. Semi quantitative method was applied to determine C. albicans biofilmsis using Crystal Violet staining technique. The absorbance of the cells then was calculated using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 570 nm. Result: The mean value of optical density in the control group was 1.23. The mean value of optical density in the treatment group with a dose of 100 mg/ ml was 0.2. Meanwhile, the mean value of optical density in the treatment group with a dose of 200 mg/ ml was 0.2, and 0.21 in the treatment group with a dose of 400 mg/ ml. The results also showed that there were significant differences between the control group and all of the treatment groups (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the treatment groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The optimum dose of jengkol leaf extract used as antibiofilm against C. albicans biofilms is 100 mg /ml with an inhibitory percentage of 83.7%.

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