Conditions Optimization and Physiochemical Analysis of Oil Obtained by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Scrap Tube Rubber Using MgO as Catalyst

Motor vehicles scrap tires and tube rubbers generate a large amount of waste with different characteristics and compositions, contaminating the environment when not properly disposed. Waste inner tube rubber (isobutylene isoprene) representing a threat to the environment can be used as valuable source of energy. Waste inner tube rubber was pyrolyzed thermally under atmospheric pressure both with and without catalyst. Parameters of temperature, time, and catalyst weight were optimized for catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel, using MgO as catalyst. It was found that one-hour heating time at 350 °C using 2 g catalyst (MgO) constitutes a suitable parameter for the maximum conversion of scrap inner tube rubber into oil. The oil obtained was characterized by physical and chemical tests. Among the physical tests, Density, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, analine point and flash point were determined according to IP and ASTM standard valves. The physical tests indicate the presence of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Among the chemical tests, the phenol test, bromine number, bromine water test, and KMnO4 tests were conducted. The chemical tests are also the support of physical tests conducted. The physical and chemical tests indicate that the oil obtained is a mixture of kerosene, diesel, and light oil and could be used for fuel purposes.

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Improved chromatic and sensory characteristics of Plavac Mali wines – efficiency of maceration enzymes

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/346/2016-cjfs ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 236-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

IVANA ALPEZA ◽

KARIN KOVAČEVIĆ GANIĆ ◽

ANDREJA VANZO ◽

STANKA HERJAVEC

Keyword(s):

Sensory Quality ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Pectolytic Enzymes ◽

Colour Parameters ◽

The Moment ◽

Red Grape ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Better Than

Two commercial enzyme preparations were used in the production of wine from the Croatian autochthonous red grape variety Plavac Mali in order to improve the extraction of polyphenolic components from grapes, chromatic parameters, and sensory quality. During two vintages, the conventional maceration without enzymes was compared with the maceration using products with different characteristics: pectinase with additional cellulase and hemicellulase activity and pectinase with inactive yeast cells. Both products affected polyphenolic extraction and colour parameters: intensity and hue, and ratio between the yellow, red, and blue colour in young wines (2 months after fermentation) and at the moment of bottling (9 months after fermentation). The correlation between anthocyanins and colour intensity was very strong. The expected reduction of quantitative chromatic parameters during aging was confirmed. Significantly better results were observed in wines produced with pectinase, in relation to all analysed physical and chemical parameters. The sensory analysis showed that wines produced with pure pectolytic enzymes were significantly better than those produced without the enzymes. A product of the combination of pectolytic enzymes and inactive yeast cells had a partial influence on the improvement of the phenolic and sensory quality. The overall quality was significantly more expressed in wines produced with pectolytic enzymes, especially in young wines.

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Algoritma K-Means Clustering dalam Mengklasifikasi Data Daerah Rawan Tindak Kriminalitas (Polres Kepulauan Mentawai)

Jurnal Sistim Informasi dan Teknologi ◽

10.37034/jsisfotek.v3i4.179 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 243-248

Author(s):

Yoni Aswan ◽

Sarjon Defit ◽

Gunadi Widi Nurcahyo

Keyword(s):

Data Clustering ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Hierarchical Data ◽

Motor Vehicle Theft ◽

Vehicle Theft ◽

Mentawai Islands ◽

Or Groups ◽

Different Characteristics

Crime is all kinds of actions and actions that are economically and psychologically harmful that violate the laws in force in the State of Indonesia as well as social and religious norms. Ordinary criminal acts affect the security of the community and threaten their inner and outer peace. The research location is the Mentawai Islands Police, which is an agency that can provide security and protection for the community, especially those in the Mentawai Islands Regency. The problem is that it is difficult for the Mentawai Islands Police to classify areas that are prone to crime in the most vulnerable, moderately vulnerable and not vulnerable categories. Especially considering the condition of the Mentawai, there are four large islands consisting of 10 sub-districts, where crime is increasing every year, especially those in the Mentawai Islands Regency area such as motor vehicle theft. Based on the background of the problem above, the researcher is interested in taking research in creating a system to predict the crime rate in the Mentawai Islands Regency in order to anticipate the surge in crime that will come. The method used is the K-Means Clustering Algorithm as a non-hierarchical data clustering method to partition existing data into one or more clusters or groups. This method partitions data into clusters so that data with the same characteristics are grouped into the same cluster and data with different characteristics are grouped into other clusters. Clustering is one of the data mining techniques used to get groups of objects that have common characteristics in large enough data. The data used is data on cases of criminal theft of motor vehicles for the last 5 years from 2016 to 2020. The results of the test show that South Sipora District is an area prone to the crime of motor vehicle theft.

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Environmental quality evaluation of lakes in the Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132007000400013 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 673-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Catarina da Silva Pedrozo ◽

Odete Rocha

Keyword(s):

Environmental Quality ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Principal Component ◽

Organic Pollution ◽

Physical And Chemical Variables ◽

Environmental Element ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

The Town

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the environmental quality of Marcelino, Pinguela, Peixoto, Palmital, Malvas and Do Passo lakes, interconnected by canals and located in the district of Osório, RS. In this context, 29 physical and chemical variables were analyzed with sampling carried out in January, May, July and October 1997 to verify the environmental quality of the system and the existence of a gradient of quality. Canonical Analysis was applied to the data of all environmental variables measured, and showed that the lakes had different characteristics as a consequence of the organic pollution received. Marcelino lake received continuous input of organic matter from the sewage treatment works in the town of Osório, whereas Peixoto, Pinguela, Palmital, Malvas and Do Passo lakes resembled other water bodies described in the region, not showing, so far, signs of degradation caused by the input of effluents. Principal Component Analysis selected environmental element were directly linked to organic pollution, that reflected sequential non-recent effects of contamination.

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Synthesis and Properties of Multi-Functional Leather Finishing Agent

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.523 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 549 ◽

pp. 523-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xu Mei Song

Keyword(s):

Water Resistance ◽

Mechanical Stability ◽

Raw Material ◽

Alkali Extraction ◽

Antimicrobial Performance ◽

Finishing Agent ◽

Bromine Number ◽

Leather Finishing ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Orthogonal Tests

With the collagen hydrolyzate by alkali extraction from chromium-containing shavings as raw material, the protein leather finishing agent is prepared in this work. The monomers of acrylic acid series and namo-TiO2 are applied in physical and chemical modification of the collagen. The structure of the protein finishing agent is characterized by IR. The optimum technological conditions are determined by the orthogonal tests. The remarkable characteristics of this method were the lower bromine number, the better chemical and mechanical stability, and the better repeatability of the product. The resistance to dry and wet rubbing fastness and water resistance of the protein finishing agent are superior to that of the conventional leather finishing agents. The protein finishing agent has also antimicrobial performance.

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Soil Layers Properties of a Profile Developed on the Past Depositional Series on Merbabu Volcano Central Java Indonesia

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2019.v24i2.53-63 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Mohammad Nurcholis ◽

Susila Herlambang ◽

Sri Aminah Suwartikaningsih ◽

Dian Fiantis ◽

Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Morphology ◽

Deep Soil ◽

Sand Fraction ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Central Java ◽

Development Processes ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Black Color

A wide and deep soil profile (around 1200 cm) was observed at Ketep Park West Slope of Merbabu volcano Central Java, Indonesia to identify the soil morphology, physical and, chemical and mineralogical properties. Results showed that several soil development processes occurred in each volcanic deposits with different characteristics. Most soil layers met some of andic soil properties criteria such bulk density <0.9 g.cm-3, P retention of >85%, and (Alo + ½ Feo) >2.0%. A thin melanic material showing black color layer was found at the lower part of the soil profile, i.e. in depth from 726 to 798 cm. The dominant material in most soil layers is an allophane. Minerals in the sand fraction were dominated by labradorite and augite, with some layers were hypersthene and green hornblende.

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Differences between groundwater fauna in shallow and in deep intergranular aquifers as an indication of different characteristics of habitats and hydraulic connections

Journal of Limnology ◽

10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1294 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anton Brancelj ◽

Uroš Žibrat ◽

Brigita Jamnik

Keyword(s):

High Capacity ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Subsurface Water ◽

Groundwater Fauna ◽

Hyporheic Zones ◽

Fauna Composition ◽

Deep Boreholes ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Different Parts

The fauna in the hyporheic zones of rivers has been relatively well studied but that from the phreatic zone remains comparatively unknown and there are few investigations into deeper intergranular aquifers (over 30 m in depth) due to technical difficulties. Two shallow boreholes of 29 m depth and two deep boreholes of 100 m depth, both near Ljubljana (Slovenia), were sampled more than 30 times between 14 January 2008 and 3 March 2009. On each occasion 14.4 to 18.0 m3 of water were abstracted using a high-capacity pump, then filtered by means of a plankton net with a mesh size of 60 µm. Organisms larger than 2 mm were damaged by the pump rotors, but their identification was still possible, while smaller representatives of the Copepoda (Crustacea) passed the rotors without damage. A near-by artesian borehole was sampled on 6 occasions. Water chemistry, physical properties and faunal composition analyses were carried out for each borehole. A total of 32 taxa, 24 of which were stygobites, were identified. Copepoda alone were represented by 16 species, 15 of which were stygobites. The shallow boreholes differ from the deep boreholes in their higher temperatures and higher concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42- ions. The copepod communities in samples from the shallow boreholes differ sharply from those from the deep boreholes. There were also clear differences between shallow boreholes in two aquifers located a few kilometres apart, in physical and chemical characteristics as well as in fauna composition. Taxa with different ecological affinities, collected from groundwater, are indicators of hydraulic connections between different parts of an aquifer as well as of communication between surface and subsurface water bodies. The present study suggests that subterranean fauna, as well as epigean fauna, can provide effective support for classical dye/salt tracing experiments.

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Chemical and Enzymatic Treatment of Hemp Biomass for Bioethanol Production

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9245348 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (24) ◽

pp. 5348 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aleksandra Wawro ◽

Jolanta Batog ◽

Weronika Gieparda

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Reducing Sugars ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Enzymatic Treatment ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Before And After ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Promising Source ◽

Temperature Time

In this study chemical and enzymatic treatment of hemp biomass were optimized to obtain maximum ethanol production. In the first stage, physical and chemical pretreatment of hemp biomass was carried out. It was found that the Tygra variety is susceptible to alkaline treatment at an optimum concentration of 2% NaOH. Next, the effect of NaOH on the value of reducing sugars and the chemical composition of the solid fraction before and after the treatment was determined. Hemp biomass before and after the chemical treatment was analysed by FTIR spectra and SEM. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis, i.e., substrate content, temperature, time, pH and dose of enzyme by means of Response Surface Methodology on glucose content was determined. The highest glucose value was observed at 50 °C, in time process between 48 and 72 h, and the dose of enzyme was not less than 20 FPU·g−1. After the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis two processes of ethanol fermentation from hemp biomass, SHF and SSF, were carried out. In the SHF process a 40% higher concentration of ethanol was obtained (10.51 g/L). In conclusion, hemp biomass was found to be an interesting and promising source to be used for bioethanol production.

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Seaweed Species Composition, Abundance and Diversity in Drini and Kondang Merak Beach, Java

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184703006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 03006

Author(s):

Taufiq Ahmad Romdoni ◽

Ajeng Ristiani ◽

Maria Dyah Nur Meinita ◽

Bintang Marhaeni ◽

Setijanto

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Survey Method ◽

Enteromorpha Flexuosa ◽

Transect Sampling ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Beach Survey

The different characteristics of subtrate might give influence on species composition, abundance and diversity of seaweed. Kondang Merak and Drini Beach are two beaches in Java Island which have different subtrate characteristic. The aim of this study is to investigate seaweed composition, abundance and diversity in Drini Beach and Kondang Merak Beach. Survey method and quadrant transect sampling technique were applied in this study. The result showed that 13 species of seaweed were found at Drini Beach and 18 species of seaweed were found in Kondang Merak Beach. The composition of the seaweed at Drini Beach and Kondang Merak Beach were dominated by Rhodophyta (69% and 56%). Enteromorpha flexuosa was the most abundant seaweed at Drini Beach, while at Kondang Merak Beach was dominated by Chaetomorpha crassa. The seaweed diversity index of Kondang Merak Beach (2,08) was higher than Drini Beach (1,27). Physical and chemical parameters were categorized as the optimal for the growth of the seaweed.

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Sources of Self-Hardening Properties in Fly Ashes

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-86-183 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 86 ◽

Author(s):

R. C. Joshi ◽

D. T. Lam

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Thermal Analyses ◽

Electron Microscopic Examination ◽

Water Soluble ◽

The Self ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Fly Ashes ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Physical Tests ◽

Physical And Chemical

Laboratory investigations of the self-hardening properties of selected subbituminous fly ashes have been conducted. Chemical analyses of the fly ashes are given in Table I. The self-hardening value of the fly ashes was determined by conducting unconfined compressive strength tests on compacted samples of the moistened ashes. Various physical and chemical tests were performed to identify the reaction products, if any, of the hardened compacted fly ash paste, and to delineate the source of self-hardening properties. Results from x-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopic examination and differential thermal analyses indicated that the hydration products include calcium silicate and aluminate hydrates, and ettringite. Chemical and physical tests conducted to evaluate pertinent fly ash properties included chemical analysis, water soluble fraction, dilute hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid soluble fractions, heat of solution on dissolving in dilute hydrochloric acid, specific surface area, and electrical conductivity tests.

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