scholarly journals The PSA-NCAM-Positive “Immature” Neurons: An Old Discovery Providing New Vistas on Brain Structural Plasticity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2542
Author(s):  
Luca Bonfanti ◽  
Tatsunori Seki
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immature Neurons ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Synaptic Changes

Studies on brain plasticity have undertaken different roads, tackling a wide range of biological processes: from small synaptic changes affecting the contacts among neurons at the very tip of their processes, to birth, differentiation, and integration of new neurons (adult neurogenesis). Stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis is an exception in the substantially static mammalian brain, yet, it has dominated the research in neurodevelopmental biology during the last thirty years. Studies of comparative neuroplasticity have revealed that neurogenic processes are reduced in large-brained mammals, including humans. On the other hand, large-brained mammals, with respect to rodents, host large populations of special “immature” neurons that are generated prenatally but express immature markers in adulthood. The history of these “immature” neurons started from studies on adhesion molecules carried out at the beginning of the nineties. The identity of these neurons as “stand by” cells “frozen” in a state of immaturity remained un-detected for long time, because of their ill-defined features and because clouded by research ef-forts focused on adult neurogenesis. In this review article, the history of these cells will be reconstructed, and a series of nuances and confounding factors that have hindered the distinction between newly generated and “immature” neurons will be addressed.

scholarly journals Broadening the functional and evolutionary understanding of postnatal neurogenesis using reptilian models

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (15) ◽  
pp. jeb210542
Author(s):  
Lara D. LaDage
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Postnatal Neurogenesis ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

ABSTRACTThe production of new neurons in the brains of adult animals was first identified by Altman and Das in 1965, but it was not until the late 20th century when methods for visualizing new neuron production improved that there was a dramatic increase in research on neurogenesis in the adult brain. We now know that adult neurogenesis is a ubiquitous process that occurs across a wide range of taxonomic groups. This process has largely been studied in mammals; however, there are notable differences between mammals and other taxonomic groups in how, why and where new neuron production occurs. This Review will begin by describing the processes of adult neurogenesis in reptiles and identifying the similarities and differences in these processes between reptiles and model rodent species. Further, this Review underscores the importance of appreciating how wild-caught animals vary in neurogenic properties compared with laboratory-reared animals and how this can be used to broaden the functional and evolutionary understanding of why and how new neurons are produced in the adult brain. Studying variation in neural processes across taxonomic groups provides an evolutionary context to adult neurogenesis while also advancing our overall understanding of neurogenesis and brain plasticity.

А. A. ZIMIN’S LIBRARY IN THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVES OF THE MOSCOW REGION. ACQUISITION HISTORY AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMPONENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Lukyanova ◽  
◽  
Vladislav I. Glotov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Central State ◽  
Formation History ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

The article briefly shows the formation history and provides an overview of the library of A.A. Zimin, who was the famous scientist, one of the largest experts in the history of Russia in the Middle Ages. The library has been received recently by the Central State Archives of the Moscow Region. The library has been collected by A.A. Zimin for several decades eventually reflecting a wide range of his scientific interests, as well as hobbies. It accumulates the works of many prominent Russian historians, contains a unique collection of Russian chronicles and other documentary publications, which are valuable sources for studying various aspects of the history of Russia. There is a large number of works devoted to the most famous monument of Russian literature – “The Word about Igor’s Regiment”, in the study of the origin of which A.A. Zimin has been engaged for a long time formulating his point of view on this problem. There are also many publications of a bibliographic nature, works on source studies, historical geography, faleristics, diplomatics, and other auxiliary historical disciplines. Among the books related to the scientist’s personal hobbies, there are many works on the history of domestic and foreign cinema. The inscriptions on the books and the ex-librises are of considerable interest. Upon completion of the archival processing of the received collection, the researchers, when they turn to it, will be able to find answers to many questions that interest them.

scholarly journals Newly Generated and Non-Newly Generated “Immature” Neurons in the Mammalian Brain: A Possible Reservoir of Young Cells to Prevent Brain Aging and Disease?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara La Rosa ◽  
Marco Ghibaudi ◽  
Luca Bonfanti
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Immature Neurons ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stem Cell Niches

Brain plasticity is important for translational purposes since most neurological disorders and brain aging problems remain substantially incurable. In the mammalian nervous system, neurons are mostly not renewed throughout life and cannot be replaced. In humans, the increasing life expectancy explains the increase in brain health problems, also producing heavy social and economic burden. An exception to the “static” brain is represented by stem cell niches leading to the production of new neurons. Such adult neurogenesis is dramatically reduced from fish to mammals, and in large-brained mammals with respect to rodents. Some examples of neurogenesis occurring outside the neurogenic niches have been reported, yet these new neurons actually do not integrate in the mature nervous tissue. Non-newly generated, “immature” neurons (nng-INs) are also present: Prenatally generated cells continuing to express molecules of immaturity (mostly shared with the newly born neurons). Of interest, nng-INs seem to show an inverse phylogenetic trend across mammals, being abundant in higher-order brain regions not served by neurogenesis and providing structural plasticity in rather stable areas. Both newly generated and nng-INs represent a potential reservoir of young cells (a “brain reserve”) that might be exploited for preventing the damage of aging and/or delay the onset/reduce the impact of neurological disorders.

scholarly journals The biophysical basis underlying the maintenance of early phase long-term potentiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1008813
Author(s):  
Moritz F. P. Becker ◽  
Christian Tetzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
Experimental Findings

The maintenance of synaptic changes resulting from long-term potentiation (LTP) is essential for brain function such as memory and learning. Different LTP phases have been associated with diverse molecular processes and pathways, and the molecular underpinnings of LTP on the short, as well as long time scales, are well established. However, the principles on the intermediate time scale of 1-6 hours that mediate the early phase of LTP (E-LTP) remain elusive. We hypothesize that the interplay between specific features of postsynaptic receptor trafficking is responsible for sustaining synaptic changes during this LTP phase. We test this hypothesis by formalizing a biophysical model that integrates several experimentally-motivated mechanisms. The model captures a wide range of experimental findings and predicts that synaptic changes are preserved for hours when the receptor dynamics are shaped by the interplay of structural changes of the spine in conjunction with increased trafficking from recycling endosomes and the cooperative binding of receptors. Furthermore, our model provides several predictions to verify our findings experimentally.

scholarly journals Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1489) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kaslin ◽  
Julia Ganz ◽  
Michael Brand
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Embryonic Neurogenesis ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Multipotent Progenitor Cells

Post-embryonic neurogenesis is a fundamental feature of the vertebrate brain. However, the level of adult neurogenesis decreases significantly with phylogeny. In the first part of this review, a comparative analysis of adult neurogenesis and its putative roles in vertebrates are discussed. Adult neurogenesis in mammals is restricted to two telencephalic constitutively active zones. On the contrary, non-mammalian vertebrates display a considerable amount of adult neurogenesis in many brain regions. The phylogenetic differences in adult neurogenesis are poorly understood. However, a common feature of vertebrates (fish, amphibians and reptiles) that display a widespread adult neurogenesis is the substantial post-embryonic brain growth in contrast to birds and mammals. It is probable that the adult neurogenesis in fish, frogs and reptiles is related to the coordinated growth of sensory systems and corresponding sensory brain regions. Likewise, neurons are substantially added to the olfactory bulb in smell-oriented mammals in contrast to more visually oriented primates and songbirds, where much fewer neurons are added to the olfactory bulb. The second part of this review focuses on the differences in brain plasticity and regeneration in vertebrates. Interestingly, several recent studies show that neurogenesis is suppressed in the adult mammalian brain. In mammals, neurogenesis can be induced in the constitutively neurogenic brain regions as well as ectopically in response to injury, disease or experimental manipulations. Furthermore, multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated and differentiated in vitro from several otherwise silent regions of the mammalian brain. This indicates that the potential to recruit or generate neurons in non-neurogenic brain areas is not completely lost in mammals. The level of adult neurogenesis in vertebrates correlates with the capacity to regenerate injury, for example fish and amphibians exhibit the most widespread adult neurogenesis and also the greatest capacity to regenerate central nervous system injuries. Studying these phenomena in non-mammalian vertebrates may greatly increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying regeneration and adult neurogenesis. Understanding mechanisms that regulate endogenous proliferation and neurogenic permissiveness in the adult brain is of great significance in therapeutical approaches for brain injury and disease.

Conceptual consideration of political, national and religious security in western political and philosophical science

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
S. Kononov ◽  
◽  
A. Zhukov ◽  
N. Romanova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concept Formation ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Real Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas

The article is devoted to the analysis of the security philosophy formation, the central concept of which is security, differently understood by different philosophical directions. The purpose of the study is the need to analyze the process of the security concept formation in the history of Western philosophy. To achieve the goal, a comparative analysis methodology was applied based on a cultural-historical approach associated with the procedures for analyzing philosophical texts on security issues. The novelty of the research is provided by the analysis of the evolution of ideas about security as a concept, the structure of which has expanded, gradually including the sphere of not only real, material, but also imaginable, spiritual security. The authors note that for a long time it was customary to talk about the phenomenon of security only in the aspect of substantiating the reasons for the unification of the population within the boundaries of state formations. However, under the influence of Christian ideology, security began to be understood as a person’s inner experience of his spiritual state. At the same time, the actualization of the concept of “unity” within the framework of the national states of the New Age led to the development of the idea of national security, the accumulation of knowledge about which served as the beginning of a wide range of ideas about economic, cultural, legal and personal security formation. Now security has been understood as a system of measures within which definitions of protection and preservation, the state and the local group, material goods and spiritual interests, real and imaginary danger are divided

Western Monasticism and Economic Organization

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Raftis
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

In turning from the monasticism of the East the historian is struck by the comparative complexity of the institutions of Western monasticism. Christian monasticism has taken many forms. At some periods and places it performed nearly all the organized work of the church, at other times it would appear as a very specialized vocation in isolation from society. In this sense, the monastery, as the church, has borrowed from and adapted to its needs a wide range of institutions at different stages of development in the history of the West. While the description of this structural complexity is a fascinating though immense problem in the sociology of religion into which we cannot enter here, there was a ‘monastic period’ in the history of western Christendom that warrants comparison with monasticism in the East. From the time of the breakup of the Roman Empire to the rise of the nation-state monastic institutions maintained a continuity unique in the history of western Christianity. Although only rarely the sole ecclesiastical institution, the monastery was in most regions of western Europe for a long time the dominant form of ecclesiastical organization. Accordingly, we can expect to find during this period something of a common monastic reaction to problems of economic organization.

scholarly journals The piRNA pathway sustains adult neurogenesis by repressing protein synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gasperini ◽  
R. Pelizzoli ◽  
A. Lo Van ◽  
D. Mangoni ◽  
R.M. Cossu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
Pirna Pathway

AbstractIn specific niches of the adult mammalian brain, neural progenitor cells (aNPCs) ensure lifelong neurogenesis. Proper regulation of this process entails important implications for brain plasticity and health. We report that Piwil2 (Mili) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are abundantly expressed in aNPCs but depleted in their progeny in the adult mouse hippocampus. Loss of function of the piRNA pathway in aNPCs inhibited neurogenesis and increased reactive gliogenesis in vivo and in vitro. PiRNA pathway depletion in cultured aNPCs increased levels of 5S ribosomal RNA, transfer RNAs and mRNAs encoding regulators of translation, resulting in higher polyribosome density and protein synthesis upon differentiation. We propose that the piRNA pathway sustains adult neurogenesis by repressing translation in aNPCs.One sentence summaryThe piRNA pathway is enriched in neural precursors and essential for appropriate neurogenesis by modulating translation

Adult Neurogenesis: From Precursors to Network and Physiology

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoher Nora Abrous ◽  
Muriel Koehl ◽  
Michel Le Moal
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Extrinsic Factors

The discovery that the adult mammalian brain creates new neurons from pools of stemlike cells was a breakthrough in neuroscience. Interestingly, this particular new form of structural brain plasticity seems specific to discrete brain regions, and most investigations concern the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation (HF). Overall, two main lines of research have emerged over the last two decades: the first aims to understand the fundamental biological properties of neural stemlike cells (and their progeny) and the integration of the newly born neurons into preexisting networks, while the second focuses on understanding its relevance in brain functioning, which has been more extensively approached in the DG. Here, we propose an overview of the current knowledge on adult neurogenesis and its functional relevance for the adult brain. We first present an analysis of the methodological issues that have hampered progress in this field and describe the main neurogenic sites with their specificities. We will see that despite considerable progress, the levels of anatomic and functional integration of the newly born neurons within the host circuitry have yet to be elucidated. Then the intracellular mechanisms controlling neuronal fate are presented briefly, along with the extrinsic factors that regulate adult neurogenesis. We will see that a growing list of epigenetic factors that display a specificity of action depending on the neurogenic site under consideration has been identified. Finally, we review the progress accomplished in implicating neurogenesis in hippocampal functioning under physiological conditions and in the development of hippocampal-related pathologies such as epilepsy, mood disorders, and addiction. This constitutes a necessary step in promoting the development of therapeutic strategies.

Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

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