scholarly journals microRNA: The Impact on Cancer Stemness and Therapeutic Resistance

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqiao Jiao ◽  
Xianling Qian ◽  
Longyuan Wu ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Promoter ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, causing a large social and economic burden. However, most anti-cancer treatments face the problems of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, finding an effective cure for cancer needs to be solved urgently. Recently, the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) provides a new orientation for cancer research and therapy. CSCs share main characteristics with stem cells and are able to generate an entire tumor. Besides, CSCs usually escape from current anti-cancer therapies, which is partly responsible for tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small noncoding RNA and regulate gene post-transcriptional expression. The dysregulation of miRNAs leads to plenty of diseases, including cancer. The aberrant miRNA expression in CSCs enhances stemness maintenance. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNAs on CSCs in the eight most common cancers, hoping to bridge the research of miRNAs and CSCs with clinical applications. We found that miRNAs can act as tumor promoter or suppressor. The dysregulation of miRNAs enhances cell stemness and contributes to tumor metastasis and therapeutic resistance via the formation of feedback loops and constitutive activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways. More importantly, some miRNAs may be potential targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and cancer treatments.

Pharmacological targeting of mitochondria in cancer stem cells: An ancient organelle at the crossroad of novel anti-cancer therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 298-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Skoda ◽  
Karolina Borankova ◽  
Patric J. Jansson ◽  
Michael L.-H. Huang ◽  
Renata Veselska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anti Cancer

scholarly journals MicroRNAs and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiuying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Apoptosis Induction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The World

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, and its incidence is rising in developing countries. Treatment with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is known to improve survival in CRC patients. Most anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction to eliminate malignant cells. However, de-regulated apoptotic signaling allows cancer cells to escape this signaling, leading to therapeutic resistance. Treatment resistance is a major challenge in the development of effective therapies. The microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in CRC treatment resistance and CRC progression and apoptosis. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in contributing to the promotion or inhibition of apoptosis in CRC and the role of miRNAs in modulating treatment resistance in CRC cells.

scholarly journals Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review

3 Biotech ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Paul ◽  
Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez ◽  
Francisco I. Serrano-Cano ◽  
Carolina Estrada-Meza ◽  
Karla A. Solorio-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host−parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.

The Complex Cancer Care Coverage Environment — What is the Role of Legislation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Leopold ◽  
Rebecca L. Haffajee ◽  
Christine Y. Lu ◽  
Anita K. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Care ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Anti Cancer

Over the past decades, anti-cancer treatments have evolved rapidly from cytotoxic chemotherapies to targeted therapies including oral targeted medications and injectable immunooncology and cell therapies. New anti-cancer medications come to markets at increasingly high prices, and health insurance coverage is crucial for patient access to these therapies. State laws are intended to facilitate insurance coverage of anti-cancer therapies.Using Massachusetts as a case study, we identified five current cancer coverage state laws and interviewed experts on their perceptions of the relevance of the laws and how well they meet the current needs of cancer care given rapid changes in therapies. Interviewees emphasized that cancer therapies, as compared to many other therapeutic areas, are unique because insurance legislation targets their coverage. They identified the oral chemotherapy parity law as contributing to increasing treatment costs in commercial insurance. For commercial insurers, coverage mandates combined with the realities of new cancer medications — including high prices and often limited evidence of efficacy at approval — compound a difficult situation. Respondents recommended policy approaches to address this challenging coverage environment, including the implementation of closed formularies, the use of cost-effectiveness studies to guide coverage decisions, and the application of value-based pricing concepts. Given the evolution of cancer therapeutics, it may be time to evaluate the benefits and challenges of cancer coverage mandates.

scholarly journals Metabolic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mukha ◽  
Anna Dubrovska
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Target Tumor Cell ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Metabolic Targeting

Most human tumors possess a high heterogeneity resulting from both clonal evolution and cell differentiation program. The process of cell differentiation is initiated from a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are enriched in tumor‐regenerating and tumor‐propagating activities and responsible for tumor maintenance and regrowth after treatment. Intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies, as well as a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, makes CSCs hard-to-target tumor cell population. Reprogramming of CSC metabolic pathways plays an essential role in tumor progression and metastatic spread. Many of these pathways confer cell adaptation to the microenvironmental stresses, including a shortage of nutrients and anti-cancer therapies. A better understanding of CSC metabolic dependences as well as metabolic communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment are of utmost importance for efficient cancer treatment. In this mini-review, we discuss the general characteristics of CSC metabolism and potential metabolic targeting of CSC populations as a potent strategy to enhance the efficacy of conventional treatment approaches.

Feasibility of pharmacist co-management for patients prescribed oral anticancer therapy for gastrointestinal cancers.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
Cathy Cao ◽  
James M. Cleary ◽  
Anuj K. Patel ◽  
Matthew B. Yurgelun ◽  
Kimmie Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Information ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Clinical Workflow ◽  
Drug Access ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Gi Cancers ◽  
The Impact

77 Background: There is an increased use of oral anti-cancer therapies (OACTs) for treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. While OACTs provide convenience compared to IV agents, they carry similar risks for drug-drug interactions (DDI), toxicities, and unique challenges like adherence and drug access. Patients on OACTs have fewer touch-points with clinicians, requiring more patient ownership of treatment. Pharmacist co-management of pts has been shown to be successful in teaching and monitoring of IV therapy. We sought to assess feasibility of pharmacist co-management for pts prescribed OACTs for treatment of GI cancers. Methods: In 2019, the Dana-Farber GI Cancer Center (GCC) had an embedded pharmacist 8 hrs/week to help with co-management of pts on OACTs. The pharmacist provided (1) in-person and telephone teaching; (2) comprehensive medication reconciliation; (3) DDI review; and (4) supportive care recommendations. Patients were identified by reviewing provider schedules and through provider referrals. The initial teach visit was one-on-one with each patient before initiation, with joint visits with providers thereafter for monitoring and adherence checks. Data were collected to quantify the types of support/recommendation provided by pharmacist and the impact on clinical workflow. Results: After 4 months in the GCC clinic, the pharmacist has co-managed 26 new pts, 61% seen in-person. In initial visits, the pharmacist identified 3 DDI, updated 15 medication lists, and assisted 11 pts/or providers with drug access and drug information. The pharmacist saw 10 of 26 pts for follow up, totaling 21 encounters. The pharmacist assisted in 17 of the 21 encounters with drug access and drug information. Pharmacist spent 20 min/pt on teaching. For follow-up visits, the pharmacist did not additional incur clinic resources as patients were seen with providers. Conclusions: Pharmacist co-management of patients on OACTs is feasible and offers an added safety resource to pts and providers from initial teaching to monitoring. Future research will focus on the impacts of co-management on clinical outcomes, such as the use of emergency/hospital visits, the duration of therapy, and adherence.

scholarly journals Genetic stability of pluripotent stem cells during anti-cancer therapies

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
WIKTORIA MARIA SUCHORSKA ◽  
EWELINA AUGUSTYNIAK ◽  
MAGDALENA ŁUKJANOW
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anti Cancer

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T-Cells/PD-L1 Axis in High-Grade Glial Tumors: Toward Personalized Immuno-Oncology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad ◽  
Zahra Asadzadeh ◽  
Negar Hosseinkhani ◽  
Afshin Derakhshani ◽  
Nazila Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Glial Tumors ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Based on preclinical findings, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) can substantially attenuate CD8+ T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. However, clinical studies have reported controversial results regarding the significance of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells/PD-L1 axis on the clinical picture and the response rate of patients with high-grade glial tumors to anti-cancer therapies. Herein, we conducted a systematic review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements to clarify the clinical significance of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells/PD-L1 axis and elucidate the impact of this axis on the response rate of affected patients to anti-cancer therapies. Indeed, a better understanding of the impact of this axis on the response rate of affected patients to anti-cancer therapies can provide valuable insights to address the futile response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with high-grade glial tumors. For this purpose, we systematically searched Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed to obtain peer-reviewed studies published before 1 January 2021. We have observed that PD-L1 overexpression can be associated with the inferior prognosis of glioblastoma patients who have not been exposed to chemo-radiotherapy. Besides, exposure to anti-cancer therapies, e.g., chemo-radiotherapy, can up-regulate inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, unlike unexposed patients, increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells in anti-cancer therapy-exposed tumoral tissues can be associated with the inferior prognosis of affected patients. Because various inhibitory immune checkpoints can regulate anti-tumoral immune responses, the single-cell sequencing of the cells residing in the tumor microenvironment can provide valuable insights into the expression patterns of inhibitory immune checkpoints in the tumor micromovement. Thus, administrating immune checkpoint inhibitors based on the data from the single-cell sequencing of these cells can increase patients’ response rates, decrease the risk of immune-related adverse events development, prevent immune-resistance development, and reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.

scholarly journals Endothelial YAP/TAZ Signaling in Angiogenesis and Tumor Vasculature

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aukie Hooglugt ◽  
Miesje M. van der Stoel ◽  
Reinier A. Boon ◽  
Stephan Huveneers
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Tumor Cell Growth ◽  
Vascular Normalization ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Tumor Endothelium

Solid tumors are dependent on vascularization for their growth. The hypoxic, stiff, and pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment induces angiogenesis, giving rise to an immature, proliferative, and permeable vasculature. The tumor vessels promote tumor metastasis and complicate delivery of anti-cancer therapies. In many types of tumors, YAP/TAZ activation is correlated with increased levels of angiogenesis. In addition, endothelial YAP/TAZ activation is important for the formation of new blood and lymphatic vessels during development. Oncogenic activation of YAP/TAZ in tumor cell growth and invasion has been studied in great detail, however the role of YAP/TAZ within the tumor endothelium remains insufficiently understood, which complicates therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting YAP/TAZ in cancer. Here, we overview the upstream signals from the tumor microenvironment that control endothelial YAP/TAZ activation and explore the role of their downstream targets in driving tumor angiogenesis. We further discuss the potential for anti-cancer treatments and vascular normalization strategies to improve tumor therapies.

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