scholarly journals CRISPR-Powered Microfluidics in Diagnostics: A Review of Main Applications

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Mostafa Azimzadeh ◽  
Marziyeh Mousazadeh ◽  
Atieh Jahangiri-Manesh ◽  
Pouria Khashayar ◽  
Patricia Khashayar
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity

In the past few years, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) applications in medicine and molecular biology have broadened. CRISPR has also been integrated with microfluidic-based biosensors to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of medical diagnosis due to its great potentials. The CRISPR-powered microfluidics can help quantify DNAs and RNAs for different diseases such as cancer, and viral or bacterial diseases among others. Here in this review, we discussed the main applications of such tools along with their advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals Toward Resolving the Challenges of Sepsis Diagnosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1301-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D Carrigan ◽  
George Scott ◽  
Maryam Tabrizian
Keyword(s):  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immune Monitoring ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Sepsis Diagnosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Sepsis in the United States has an estimated annual healthcare cost of $16.7 billion and leads to 120 000 deaths. Insufficient development in both medical diagnosis and treatment of sepsis has led to continued growth in reported cases of sepsis over the past two decades with little improvement in mortality statistics. Efforts over the last decade to improve diagnosis have unsuccessfully sought to identify a “magic bullet” proteic biomarker that provides high sensitivity and specificity for infectious inflammation. More recently, genetic methods have made tracking regulation of the genes responsible for these biomarkers possible, giving current research new direction in the search to understand how host immune response combats infection. Despite the breadth of research, inadequate treatment as a result of delayed diagnosis continues to affect approximately one fourth of septic patients. In this report we review past and present diagnostic methods for sepsis and their respective limitations, and discuss the requirements for more timely diagnosis as the next step in curtailing sepsis-related mortality. We also present a proposal toward revision of the current diagnostic paradigm to include real-time immune monitoring.

scholarly journals Modelling reaction kinetics inside cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Grima ◽  
Santiago Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Length

In the past decade, advances in molecular biology such as the development of non-invasive single molecule imaging techniques have given us a window into the intricate biochemical activities that occur inside cells. In this chapter we review four distinct theoretical and simulation frameworks: (i) non-spatial and deterministic, (ii) spatial and deterministic, (iii) non-spatial and stochastic and (iv) spatial and stochastic. Each framework can be suited to modelling and interpreting intracellular reaction kinetics. By estimating the fundamental length scales, one can roughly determine which models are best suited for the particular reaction pathway under study. We discuss differences in prediction between the four modelling methodologies. In particular we show that taking into account noise and space does not simply add quantitative predictive accuracy but may also lead to qualitatively different physiological predictions, unaccounted for by classical deterministic models.

VITAMIN B6 DEPENDENCY SYNDROMES: THEIR LARGER SIGNIFICANCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-555
Author(s):  
CHARLES R. SCRIVER
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Molecular Biologist ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remarkable Advance

DURING the past decade, the molecular biologist has shown us how mutation in the informational code of the gene is eventually translated into an alteration, either in the primary structure of a protein catalyst or in the rate of synthesis of the catalyst. In either case, the function of the catalyst is impaired and the phenotype of the organism is changed. Another, albeit less remarkable, advance in knowledge during the past decade both enhances our view of molecular biology and directly benefits the care of our patients. In 1954 two papers appeared in this journal describing a new cause of convulsions in infancy.

The synthesis and bioimaging of a biocompatible hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probe with high sensitivity and selectivity

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 2305-2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruqiao Zhou ◽  
Guiling Cui ◽  
Qingrong Qi ◽  
Wencai Huang ◽  
Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Fluorescent Probe ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
Poisonous Gas

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a well-known poisonous gas, has been recognized as a critical endogenous gas transmitter in the past decade.

Transplantation and its biology: from fantasy to routine

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1681-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Tilney
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Routine Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Accepted Form

The replacement of diseased organs and tissues by the healthy ones of others has been a unique milestone in modern medicine. For centuries, transplantation remained a theme of fantasy in literature and the arts. Within the past five decades, however, it has developed from a few isolated attempts to salvage occasional individuals with end-stage organ failure to a routine treatment for many patients. In parallel with the progressive improvements in clinical results has come an explosion in immunology, transplantation biology, immunogenetics, cell and molecular biology, pharmacology, and other relevant biosciences, with knowledge burgeoning at a rate not dreamed of by the original pioneers. Indeed, there have been few other instances in modern medicine in which so many scientific disciplines have contributed in concert toward understanding and treating such a complex clinical problem as the failure of vital organs. The field has been a dramatic example of evolution from an imagined process to an accepted form of therapy.

Regulation of the Alternative Oxidase in Plants and Fungi.

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Day ◽  
J Whelan ◽  
AH Millar ◽  
JN Siedow ◽  
JT Wiskich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulation Of Activity

The alternative oxidase of the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyses cyanide-insensitive respiration in plants and fungi. The molecular biology and regulation of this oxidase have been intensively studied over the past 10 years. Genes have been isolated, expression has been investigated and novel mechanisms for the regulation of activity have been discovered. This paper reviews these recent advances, focusing on the regulation of gene expression and activation by protein modification and organic acids, and possible roles of the alternative oxidase are discussed.

scholarly journals The Molecular Biology of Vestibular Schwannomas and Its Association with Hearing Loss: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Celis-Aguilar ◽  
Luis Lassaletta ◽  
Miguel Torres-Martín ◽  
F. Yuri Rodrigues ◽  
Manuel Nistal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Evidence

Hearing loss is the most common symptom in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS). In the past, compressive mechanisms caused by the tumoral mass and its growth have been regarded as the most likely causes of the hearing loss associated with VS. Interestingly, new evidence proposes molecular mechanisms as an explanation for such hearing loss. Among the molecular mechanisms proposed are methylation of TP73, negative expression of cyclin D1, expression of B7-H1, increased expression of the platelet-derived growth factor A, underexpression of PEX5L, RAD54B, and PSMAL, and overexpression of CEA. Many molecular mechanisms are involved in vestibular schwannoma development; we review some of these mechanisms with special emphasis on hearing loss associated with vestibular schwannoma.

Patterns of Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Migraine and Probable Migraine in a Health Plan

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Bigal ◽  
KB Kolodner ◽  
JE Lafata ◽  
C Leotta ◽  
RB Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Health Plan ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Probable Migraine ◽  
Patient Emergency

The objectives of this study were to assess the proportion of subjects with strict migraine (SM, migraine with and without aura), probable migraine (PM), and all migraine (AM, SM and PM pooled together), who receive a medical diagnosis or a specific treatment within a health plan. Eligible participants were 18-55-year participants of a non-profit health maintenance organization (HMO) who had received out-patient, emergency department, or in-patient care from a physician within the past year. We used a validated computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey to identify SM, PM and controls (received out-patient, emergency department, or in-patient care from a physician for any reason within the past year, but did not have SM or PM). Medical and prescription drug claims for the 24-month period were linked to participant files. Among 8579 respondents, we identified 1265 SM sufferers and 1252 PM sufferers, which were compared with 960 randomly selected controls. Just 194 (15.3%) SM, 21 (1.7%) PM, and 215 (8.5%) AM sufferers received an in-patient or out-patient primary migraine claim in the previous 24 months, compared with six (0.5%) controls; 240 (18.9%) SM, 39 (3.1%) PM, 279 (11.1%) AM sufferers, and eight controls (0.6%) received any migraine claim. There were claims for migraine drugs (ICD-9 code for triptans or ergot compounds) for just 140 (11.1%) SM and 34 (2.7%) PM sufferers, and migraine analgesics (butalbital and isomethepthene compounds), for 6.3% SM and 2.2% PM sufferers (0.7% of the controls). Migraine preventives were used for a larger number of SM and PM sufferers (19.6% and 13.1%), but also for controls (10.5%), indicating that they were probably used for other medical reasons. Both SM and PM are underdiagnosed and undertreated within a health plan. Educational strategies should focus on physician education addressing diagnosing the full spectrum of migraine and physician management of migraine with specific migraine therapy in appropriate patients.

Biogeography of the Anthropocene

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genome Analyses

The past and present impacts of humans on the biosphere have altered many ecological and evolutionary processes. One of the most dramatic set of examples comes from domestication, which has transformed species, landscapes, and socioeconomic systems over the last 30 millennia. Recent research driven by advances in molecular biology and information sciences, and enriched by whole genome analyses of the main plant and animal domesticates, is now able to elucidate obscure phylogenetic relationships complicated by past hybridization and chromosome rearrangements. These methods also reveal information on the historical events that converted wild species into useful, and in some cases, codependent taxa. A further set of human-domesticate interactions produces the great diversification behind the origin and maintenance of numerous crop landraces, fruit and vegetable variants, and animal breeds. Fashion, taste preferences, and familial dynamics are some of the additional factors involved beyond usefulness that collectively result in human-caused artificial selection. Domestication is an important dimension to consider in understanding the biogeographical implications of the Anthropocene.

Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery: A Review for the Multidisciplinary Team

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Taub ◽  
Joshua A. Lampert
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Craniofacial Surgery ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Direction

Pediatric craniofacial surgery is a specialty that grew dramatically in the 20th century and continues to evolve today. Out of the efforts to correct facial deformities encountered during World War II, the techniques of modern craniofacial surgery developed. An analysis of the relevant literature allowed the authors to explore this historical progression. Current advances in technology, tissue engineering, and molecular biology have further refined pediatric craniofacial surgery. The development of distraction osteogenesis and the progressive study of craniosynostosis provide remarkable examples of this momentum. The growing study of genetics, biotechnology, the influence of growth factors, and stem cell research provide additional avenues of innovation for the future. The following article is intended to reveal a greater understanding of pediatric craniofacial surgery by examining the past, present, and possible future direction. It is intended both for the surgeon, as well as for the nonsurgical individual specialists vital to the multidisciplinary craniofacial team.

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