scholarly journals The Impact of Vitamin K2 (Menaquionones) in Children’s Health and Diseases: A Review of the Literature

Children ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska ◽  
Katarzyna Maresz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vitamin K2 ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Joint Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

Vitamin K2 activates vitamin K-dependent proteins that support many biological functions, such as bone mineralization, the inhibition of vascular stiffness, the improvement of endothelial function, the maintenance of strong teeth, brain development, joint health, and optimal body weight. Due to the transformation of food habits in developed countries over the last five decades, vitamin K and, specifically, vitamin K2 intakes among parents and their offspring have decreased significantly, resulting in serious health implications. The therapeutics used in pediatric practice (antibiotics and glucocorticoids) are also to blame for this situation. Low vitamin K status is much more frequent in newborns, due to both endogenous and exogenous insufficiencies. Just after birth vitamin K stores are low, and since human milk is relatively poor in this nutrient, breast-fed infants are at particular risk of a bleeding disorder called vitamin K deficiency bleeding. A pilot study showed that better vitamin K status is associated with lower rate of low-energy fracture incidence. An ongoing clinical trial is intended to address whether vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation might positively impact the biological process of bone healing. Vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) has a documented history of safe and effective use. The lack of adverse effects of MK-7 makes it the ideal choice for supplementation by pregnant and nursing women and children, both healthy and suffering from various malabsorptions and health disorders, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, thalassemia major (TM), cystic fibrosis (CF), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and chronic liver diseases. Additionally, worthy of consideration is the use of vitamin K2 in obesity-related health outcomes.

scholarly journals Overweight – obesity is associated with decreased vitamin K2 levels in hemodialysis patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Ravera ◽  
Thomas Nickolas ◽  
Mario Plebani ◽  
Giorgio Iervasi ◽  
Andrea Aghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Vitamin K2 ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivesObesity is an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Vitamin K2 is involved in the production of bone and matrix amino acid g-carboxy-glutamic acid (Gla) proteins (vitamin K-dependent proteins [VKDPs]), regulating bone and vascular calcification (VC). Bone Gla protein (BGP) is involved both in bone mineralization and VCs. We assessed the relationships between vitamin K levels and body mass index (BMI) according to the hypothesis that the impact of BMI on mortality is partly driven by low vitamin K levels.MethodsThe Vitamin K Italian (VIKI) study included 387 hemodialysis patients from 18 dialysis centers in Italy. We determined plasma levels of bone markers: vitamin K levels, VKDPs, vitamin 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and routine biochemistry. BMI was classified into the following categories: underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2).Results45.2% of patients were overweight or obese. Stratification by BMI demonstrated lower median menaquinone-7 (MK7)/triglycerides levels in obese patients (0.42 ng/mg [0.19, 0.87], p = 0.005). BGP levels were lower in overweight and obese patients (152 mcg/L [83.2, 251] and 104 mcg/L [62.7, 230], p = <0.001). Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between MK7/triglycerides levels and BMI (regression coefficient β = −0.159; p = 0.003). In multiple linear regression, there was an inverse relationship between BGP levels and BMI (β = − 0.119; p = 0.012).ConclusionsThese data are the first to report an inverse relationship between Vitamin K2 levels and BMI in hemodialysis patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine if lower levels of Vitamin K are related to greater morbidity and mortality in this at-risk population.

scholarly journals The ‘Development’ Discourse in Multilateral Trade Lawmaking

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLAS LAMP
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of the idea of ‘development’ in multilateral trade lawmaking is often reduced to the principle of ‘special and differential treatment’, which exempts developing countries from certain obligations imposed by the trade regime. The article shows that ‘development’ has always presented a much wider challenge to the vision of the trade regime championed by the major trading nations. The development discourse has conceived the trade regime's historical significance, the regime's aims, and the relationships among its members in ways that were often fundamentally at odds with the conception preferred by most developed countries. The article explores how the development discourse has informed lawmaking initiatives by developing countries throughout the history of the trade regime. While not all of these initiatives were successful or necessarily fruitful, they show that the pursuit of development in trade lawmaking has always been more than an effort to seek exemption from trade rules.

When knowledge married capital: the birth of academic enterprise

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Etzkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Knowledge Capital ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate knowledge‐capital relationship through tracking the history of knowledge commercialization.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical exploration, historical evidence and interviews are used in this research. Firstly it recalls the convergence of academic knowledge and industrial capital. Then the knowledge‐capital marriage is observed. Finally, the paper discusses the impact of the marriage on future enterprise development.FindingsThe combination of knowledge and capital is inevitable; the knowledge‐capital marriage is the origin of contemporary academic enterprise; the future enterprise will more rely on knowledge‐capital combination.Originality/valueThis study is helpful to policymaking: to promote the combination of knowledge and capital in less developed countries or regions, achieving knowledge‐capital interaction in innovation system.

scholarly journals Key directions of sustainable development of entrepreneurship in the forest sector of economics

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Grigoryeva ◽  
Yu. M. Sokolinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Virtual Economy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
Effective Use

The significant role of small business in the development of the national economy is manifested not only in ensuring the development of its separate spheres of activity, but also in the historical, legal and economic aspects. The history of the formation of national economies shows that the development of the economies of countries recognized as highly developed was accompanied by a significant economic growth in the share of small business, which is the basis of the economy. Today, the basis for the growth of socio-economic indicators of the economies of developed countries are entrepreneurs. Small business makes it possible to create equilibrium conditions in Russia for integration into a virtual economy that is developing all over the world. This is due to the fact that in crisis conditions of functioning small business tries to make the most effective use of real and innovative means for development, which can attract large initial investments for the development of the virtual economy. At present, ensuring economic stability is one of the key components of the development of the national economy. And in this connection it should be noted that small business plays a key role in ensuring economic sustainability. Of particular interest is not all small entrepreneurship in general, but in certain sectors of the economy that play a strategically important role in ensuring a stable and balanced development of the national economy.

scholarly journals A failure of voluntarism: the case of joint health and safety committees in Britain

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Beaumont ◽  
J.W. Leopold
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Joint Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Safety Committees ◽  
The Impact

This paper sets out the history of the attempt to establish voluntary health and safety committees in Britain, their failure and the attempt to legislate for their development. The impact of this legislation is analysed and the paper concludes by presenting a framework, which it is argued, would be developed for analysing the impact of legislation in Britain and in other countries such as New Zealand.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with prior bleeding events

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Y.H Lip ◽  
A Keshishian ◽  
A Kang ◽  
X Luo ◽  
N Atreja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Bleeding Event ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonist ◽  
Bleeding Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Index Treatment

Abstract Background Among non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with a history of bleeding, there is a reluctance to use oral anticoagulants (OACs) due to concerns about the risk of bleeding associated with OACs. However, lack of OAC treatments for NVAF patients is associated with a higher risk of stroke and mortality. Non-vitamin K antagonist OAC (NOACs) have been approved for the prevention of stroke in NVAF patients. There are limited data comparing the risk of stroke/systemic embolism (S/SE) and major bleeding (MB) between patients prescribed NOACs and with a history of bleeding. Purpose This study used multiple United States data sources to evaluate the risk of S/SE and MB among NVAF patients with prior bleeding events who were prescribed NOACs. Methods This retrospective observational study used data from CMS Medicare and four commercial databases–covering &gt;180 million beneficiaries. The study selected adult NVAF patients who were prescribed apixaban, dabigatran, or rivaroxaban (01JAN2013–30JUN2019) and had a prior bleeding event which was defined as a hospitalization with a bleeding diagnosis (intracranial hemorrhage [ICH], gastrointestinal [GI] bleeding, or other bleeding sites) prior to or during the index treatment episode. After 1:1 propensity-score-matched (PSM) in each database between NOACs (apixaban-dabigatran, apixaban-rivaroxaban, and dabigatran-rivaroxaban), the resulting patient records were pooled. S/SE and MB (identified by inpatient claims) were captured during the follow-up period, which was defined as the time between the day after the index treatment date and treatment discontinuation or switch, death, end of study period, or end of medical and pharmacy enrollment. Hazard ratios of S/SE and MB were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of the overall NVAF population treated with NOACs, 6.2% had a prior bleeding event (ICH: 13.5%; GI: 61.8%; Other: 24.6%). After PSM, a total of 11,106 apixaban-dabigatran, 30,665 apixaban-rivaroxaban, and 11,148 dabigatran-rivaroxaban pairs were matched. Apixaban was associated with a lower risk of S/SE compared to dabigatran and rivaroxaban, and dabigatran was associated with a similar risk of S/SE compared to rivaroxaban. Apixaban was associated with a lower risk of MB compared to dabigatran and rivaroxaban, and dabigatran was associated with a lower risk of MB compared to rivaroxaban (Figure). Conclusions In this subgroup of NVAF patients with a history of bleeding, apixaban was associated with a lower risk of S/SE and MB compared to dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Dabigatran was associated with a lower risk of MB compared to rivaroxaban. These results are informative for understanding the impact of NOAC treatment in NVAF patients with prior bleeding events. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and Pfizer, Inc.

Permanent discontinuation of different anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and the impact on clinical outcome: data from the GARFIELD-AF registry

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Cools ◽  
D Johnson ◽  
K.S Pieper ◽  
A.J Camm ◽  
J.-P Bassand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseline Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Non-Vitamin K Antagonists (NOAC) are replacing vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) as first line oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Discontinuation of OAC might put patients at increased risk. It was anticipated that patients who were on NOAC would discontinue OAC less. Purpose We compare the rates and impact on outcome of the discontinuation of NOAC and VKA using data from the GARFIELD-AF registry. Methods Patients included in GARFIELD-AF, had a new diagnosis of NVAF and at least 1 stroke risk factor. In this analysis 26,299 patients (VKA: 13,012; NOAC: 13,287) that received OAC were included. Permanent discontinuation was defined as stopping OAC for at least 7 consecutive days (whether or not restarted during follow-up). Marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models estimated the effect of discontinuation on death, cardiovascular (CV) death, non-haemorrhagic stroke + systemic embolism (NHS+SE), myocardial infarction (MI), or combined endpoints. Adjustments were made for both baseline factors and time dependent variables. Results Of all patients, 15.6% discontinued OAC (VKA: 15.4%; NOAC: 15.8%) over a median follow-up of 181 days (IQR: 359). Most discontinued early (67.0% of patients on VKA and 47.1% of patients on NOAC ≤4 months). Significantly higher discontinuation risk was seen with worsening kidney function, coronary artery disease, history of bleeding (baseline factors), as well as with all types of bleeding (time dependent factors). Lower discontinuation rates were seen with history of stroke/TIA, hypertension, increasing age, permanent AF (all p&lt;0.01). Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3 in all groups. Patients in both treatment arms who discontinued were at increased risk for death, NHS+SE, MI as well as combined endpoints of death/NHS+SE/MI, death/NHS+SE and a trend towards higher CV death (Figure 1). All interaction tests for the interaction of treatment and discontinuation had a p value &gt;0.4. The association between discontinuation and outcomes did not change when a 30 day discontinuation window was used. Conclusion The rate of discontinuation in this study was 15.8% and comparable for VKA and NOAC over a 2-year follow-up. Discontinuation rates were the highest soon after the initiation of treatment. When VKA or NOAC was stopped for ≥7 consecutive days, the risk of NHS+SE, death, MI or any combined endpoints were significantly worse in both treatment arms. These data suggest that discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment with VKA or NOAC should be discouraged. HR of patients who discontinued OAC Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): The GARFIELD-AF registry is funded by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer AG.

scholarly journals COMPLEX EVALUATION OF THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romualdas Ginevičius ◽  
Valentinas Podvezko
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

"New economy” is a specific economic phenomenon emerging when two processes including globalization and technological revolution are taking place simultaneously. A question arises what economic and institutional conditions in the states under transition would allow them to take the best advantage of the potential of “new economy”. These conditions determine if a particular state is capable of accelerating its pace of long‐term economic development and approaching the level achieved by highly‐developed countries. In this context, the problem of evaluating the readiness of the states under transition to take advantage of “new economy” acquires great theoretical and practical value. To measure the above parameter, a so‐called indicator of new economy (NEI) based on ten variables characterizing the development and effective use of “new economy” has been recently offered. The INE indicator is a weighted sum of all ten variables for each state. It may also be calculated as a non‐weighted sum of all the related criteria. It may be assumed (based on the expertise) that the impact of any particular variable (criterion) on the general indicator of “new economy” varies to some extent, therefore, multiple criteria decision‐making methods should be used for complex evaluation of NEI

scholarly journals The impact of the history of statehood on the economic development of countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-188
Author(s):  
Milojko Arsić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Time To Build ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Impact

The paper investigates the impact of the history of statehood, as a part of historical heritage, on the current level of economic development of countries. The history of statehood affects the efficiency of the state in performing functions that are important for the functioning of the economy and its progress, such as the quality of institutions, economic policy, education, infrastructure, etc. Empirical research mainly supports the existence of a link between the length of statehood of countries and their level of economic development in the form of an inverted letter "U", which means that the most developed countries have "medium" length of statehood. Countries with "medium" length of statehood could learn from the mistakes of older states, and had enough time to build state capacities. The connection between the history of statehood and the level of economic development of countries is stronger if statehood is measured on the basis of the history of statehood of the population inhabiting present countries, rather than on the basis of the history of statehood in modern countries. This result is consistent with empirical research according to which social norms and forms of behavior that are important for the functioning of the state are relatively stable over time.

scholarly journals The Impact of Historic Building Preservation in Urban Economics: Focusing on Accommodation Prices in Jeonju Hanok Village, South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5005
Author(s):  
Go-Eun Kim ◽  
Jeong-Ran Lee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Economics ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Historic Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Buildings

The preservation of historic buildings, based on economic value, has long been discussed in developed countries. On the other hand, in Korea, where the history of preservation is relatively short, discussions have only recently started. Related to this, a discussion regarding the scope of buildings that need to be protected in relation to urban planning is needed. This study analyzes the Jeonju Hanok Village, a tourist destination where Hanok—the traditional Korean architectural type—is highly concentrated. The study provides evidence for the economic impact of historic building preservation with respect to rarity, experience and agglomeration, based on the price analysis of accommodations. As a result, the accommodation prices of Hanok were found to be higher despite being older. The relation between accommodation prices and building age was quadratic, which revealed that buildings that have become rare attained accommodation prices similar to new buildings. Also, it was found that the prices increased with the provision of traditional activities and meal services. Lastly, the price was higher in the area where Hanok was agglomerated. The results suggested that the preservation of buildings should not only be justified on cultural grounds but also economic grounds, based on market demand and the fact that such preservation could contribute meaningfully toward sustainable development.

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