scholarly journals Environmental Factors Causing the Development of Microorganisms on the Surfaces of National Cultural Monuments Made of Mineral Building Materials—Review

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Stanaszek-Tomal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stone Concrete ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cultural Monuments

The ability of microorganisms to degrade building materials depends on several factors. Biological corrosion occurs in close dependence with chemical and physical factors affecting microorganisms. The growth and development of microorganisms is stimulated by external stimuli, i.e., environmental factors. Microorganisms have a relatively large tolerance range for changes in environmental conditions. Under the right conditions, microorganisms thrive very well. The adverse effects may cause the inhibition of cell growth, damage, or lead to the death of the microorganism. Considering the impact of environmental factors on microorganisms, it is not possible to identify the most important of them. The result effect of overlapping factors determines the possibility of the growth of certain microorganisms. The main factors affecting the growth are temperature, humidity, hydrogen ion concentration in the environment, oxidoreductive potential, water activity in the environment, and hydrostatic pressure. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the factors causing biodeterioration. The influence of external/internal environment on the surface of cultural monuments made of mineral building materials, i.e., stone, concrete, mortar, etc., is presented.

scholarly journals Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola ◽  
Frédéric Francis
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Behaviour ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vector Efficiency

Aphids are responsible for the spread of more than half of the known phytovirus species. Virus transmission within the plant–aphid–phytovirus pathosystem depends on vector mobility which allows the aphid to reach its host plant and on vector efficiency in terms of ability to transmit phytoviruses. However, several other factors can influence the phytoviruses transmission process and have significant epidemiological consequences. In this review, we aimed to analyse the aphid behaviours and influencing factors affecting phytovirus spread. We discussed the impact of vector host-seeking and dispersal behaviours mostly involved in aphid-born phytovirus spread but also the effect of feeding behaviours and life history traits involved in plant–aphid–phytovirus relationships on vector performances. We also noted that these behaviours are influenced by factors inherent to the interactions between pathosystem components (mode of transmission of phytoviruses, vector efficiency, plant resistance, …) and several biological, biochemical, chemical or physical factors related to the environment of these pathosystem components, most of them being manipulated as means to control vector-borne diseases in the crop fields.

scholarly journals Are Bacterio- and Phytoplankton Community Compositions Related in Lakes Differing in Their Cyanobacteria Contribution and Physico-Chemical Properties?

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Kokociński ◽  
Dariusz Dziga ◽  
Adam Antosiak ◽  
Janne Soininen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bacteria Communities

Bacterioplankton community composition has become the center of research attention in recent years. Bacteria associated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms have attracted considerable interest. However, little is known about the environmental factors driving the bacteria community, including the impact of invasive cyanobacteria. Therefore, our aim has been to determine the relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton community composition across 24 Polish lakes with different contributions of cyanobacteria including the invasive species Raphidiopsis raciborskii. This analysis revealed that cyanobacteria were present in 16 lakes, while R. raciborskii occurred in 14 lakes. Our results show that bacteria communities differed between lakes dominated by cyanobacteria and lakes with minor contributions of cyanobacteria but did not differ between lakes with R. raciborskii and other lakes. Physical factors, including water and Secchi depth, were the major drivers of bacteria and phytoplankton community composition. However, in lakes dominated by cyanobacteria, bacterial community composition was also influenced by biotic factors such as the amount of R. raciborskii, chlorophyll-a and total phytoplankton biomass. Thus, our study provides novel evidence on the influence of environmental factors and R. raciborskii on lake bacteria communities.

Implications of Building Material Choice on Outdoor Microclimate for Sustainable Built Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 650 ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kannamma ◽  
A. Meenatchi Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
The Impact

The climatic conditions in a man-made urban environment may differ appreciably from those in the surrounding natural or rural environs.... each urban man-made buildings, roads, parking area, factories......creates around and above it a modified climate with which it interacts [1].Outdoor thermal comfort has gained importance in thermal comfort studies especially in tropical countries. In country like India, culturally the activities are spread both indoors and outdoors. Therefore the need for ambient outdoor environment gains importance. As there are many factors that contribute to outdoor thermal comfort (climatic factors and physical factors), this study aims in analyzing the impact of building material contribution, in an institutional courtyard. In order to understand the thermal contribution of various building materials and to suggest material choice to designers, ENVIMET is used for simulation purpose. The outdoor thermal comfort index employed in this study is PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature), calibrated using RAYMAN.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the growth of virus of foot-and-mouth disease on surviving explants of bovine tongue epithelium

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
A. W Morrow ◽  
L. S Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tongue Epithelium

A simple, laboratory scale, stirred system has been developed to examine conditions of culture necessary for optimum return of infective virus from explants of surviving bovine tongue epithelium, with particular bias towards large-scale procedures.Control of hydrogen-ion concentration and aeration of the culture are emphasized.The authors wish to thank Dr I. A. Galloway and Dr J. B. Brooksby for their helpful advice in preparing this paper, Mrs J. Lansley for her untiring technical assistance and Mr J. Goodridge who constructed the culture apparatus.

scholarly journals The Impact of Learning Environment on EFL Students’ Academic Achievement: A study of Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Academic Achievement

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmakki AMIRI ◽  
Abderrahim El KARFA
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Academic Achievements ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
The Impact

It is worth pointing out that learning a foreign language in a multicultural context is a long and complex undertaking. Several factors influence whether or not English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students can accurately perceive and produce the foreign language. These variables can potentially contribute to the success and, or failure in learning and acquiring a foreign language. Given the Moroccan educational system, the research provided minimal insight into the relationship between those factors and language achievement. The present study’s aim, therefore, was to investigate the environmental factors that affect students’ academic performance. It also aimed to find out how these variables affect students’ academic achievements. To achieve this aim, data have been collected via open-ended questionnaires, and interviews addressed mainly to First Year Students of Master Programs, Department of English, FLDM, USMBA-Fez. The findings have shown that students’ academic achievements were significantly positively/negatively linked with the environmental factors, namely societal, home/family and school/classroom variables. The findings also revealed that the more highly sophisticated the social environment is, the more likely it is to foster EFL students’ academic achievements. In addition, the more similarity exists between the students’ cultures, the more successful the learning is. This study also showed that the development of EFL proficiency is a product of contextual factors influence. As such, the study concludes with several implications that brought up for possible effective change in the future to enhance the learning environment atmosphere, boost students’ academic achievements, and, therefore, achieve better results.

Towards detecting biogeochemical compound extremes in the surface ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Fröb ◽  
Tatiana Ilyina
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Threshold Criterion ◽  
The Impact

<p>Long-term changes in ocean biogeochemistry that are projected under an evolving climate in the 21<sup>st</sup> century are superimposed by short-term extreme events. Of particular interest are compound events, where such extreme events occur successively or simultaneously, combining or amplifying the impact of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems. The resilience of marine species to the simultaneous exposure of extremely high temperature, low pH and low oxygen concentration presumably depends on the magnitude and variability of the perturbation, which is likely to increase and intensify in response to rising global mean temperatures. However, changes in marine heat waves, ocean acidification and deoxygenation extremes, remain to be detected, in order to quantify their combined impact. Here, we use the Grand Ensemble of the fully coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-GE) that consists of 100 members forced by historical CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and those according to the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5). The daily frequency of the simulation output for sea surface temperature, hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen concentration allows analysing spatio-temporal changes of marine extreme events between 1850 and 2100. We assess the number, duration, and intensity of extreme states using a moving threshold criterion, and aim to identify concurrent and consecutive driving mechanisms for such events in the surface ocean in order to evaluate potential risks for the marine ecosystem.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Macro Environmental Factors on Garments Industry That Drives Export in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Mohammad Islam ◽  
Dulal Chandra Pattak
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
The World ◽  
Security Compliance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It goes without saying that Garments industry of Bangladesh has drawn a special attention to the mass people in the world because of being both cost leader and quality leader at the same time. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the garments industry in Bangladesh which is going to be an emerging tiger in the world economy. It also aims to assess the impact of macro-environmental factors affecting the industry by PESTEL analysis. Again, five forces model has been analyzed to assess the impacts of competitive external factors on the Garments industry in Bangladesh. Furthermore, Garments sector competitive responses to the primary issues affecting the industry have been evaluated here. It also outlines the primary external influences to which this industry is subject. In this case, SWOT analysis has been conducted to assess the competitive position of this industry in comparison with the global perspective. The study suggests that total export is highly correlated with the exports of garments. It also finds that there is severe lacking in the safety and security compliance, wages and compensations and code of conduct of the current organizations. Moreover, GSP facility withdrawn can impact severely on the ready made garments of Bangladesh to compete with price in the international market with China, India and Vietnam etc. The ready made garments sector of Bangladesh is enjoying cost leadership as a source of completive advantage because of cheap labor. Finally, the study would like to recommend for further improvement of garment sector in Bangladesh.

APPLICATION AND CONTROL OF ETHYL-ETHER–WATER INTERFACE EFFECTS TO THE SEPARATION OF RICKETTSIAE FROM YOLK SAC SUSPENSIONS

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (3) ◽  
pp. 104-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Craigie
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Ether Treatment

Purified suspensions of rickettsiae may be obtained by shaking impure suspensions with ethyl ether. When such mixtures separate, tissue particles remain at the interface and the organisms are found in the underlying aqueous fraction. If crude yolk sac preparations of rickettsiae, grown by the method of Cox (4), are shaken with ethyl ether, a complex physical system is created, and the results obtained may be variable. In order that ether treatment may yield sufficiently consistent results to be of practical value, it is necessary to control certain physical factors during emulsion formation and subsequent separation of the aqueous phase. The result obtained depends mainly on the initial hydrogen ion concentration of the suspension, although other factors may also be involved. Studies of some of these factors have been undertaken and two methods of purifying rickettsiae have been developed. In Method A, the material is centrifuged and the sediment of rickettsiae, tissue debris, and yolk granules is suspended in saline buffered with phosphate at pH 7.0. This partially purified suspension of rickettsiae is then emulsified with ethyl ether, and the rickettsiae are recovered in the aqueous fraction that separates as the unstable emulsion breaks down.Preliminary centrifugation is dispensed with in Method B. The separation of the aqueous fraction, with maximum yield of rickettsiae, is controlled by the addition of a suitable proportion of acetate buffer to the crude yolk sac suspension. The optimum proportion of acetate buffer is determined in a preliminary titration with small samples of the yolk sac suspension.

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