scholarly journals Structure and Applications of Pectin in Food, Biomedical, and Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Cariny Maria Polesca Freitas ◽  
Jane Sélia Reis Coimbra ◽  
Victor Gomes Lauriano Souza ◽  
Rita Cássia Superbi Sousa

Pectin is a biocompatible polysaccharide with intrinsic biological activity, which may exhibit different structures depending on its source or extraction method. The extraction of pectin from various industrial by-products presents itself as a green option for the valorization of agro-industrial residues by producing a high commercial value product. Pectin is susceptible to physical, chemical, and/or enzymatic changes. The numerous functional groups present in its structure can stimulate different functionalities, and certain modifications can enable pectin for countless applications in food, agriculture, drugs, and biomedicine. It is currently a trend to use pectin to produce edible coating to protect foodstuff, antimicrobial bio-based films, nanoparticles, healing agents, and cancer treatment. Advances in methodology, use of different sources of extraction, and knowledge about structural modification have significantly expanded the properties, yields, and applications of this polysaccharide. Recently, structurally modified pectin has shown better functional properties and bioactivities than the native one. In addition, pectin can be used in conjunction with a wide variety of biopolymers with differentiated properties and specific functionalities. In this context, this review presents the structural characteristics and properties of pectin and information on the modification of this polysaccharide, its respective applications, perspectives, and future challenges.

Author(s):  
S.D. Polischuk ◽  
G.I. Churilov ◽  
D.G. Churilov ◽  
V.V. Churilova ◽  
I.S. Arapov ◽  
...  

Биологическая активность наночастиц зависит от физико-химических характеристик частиц. Химическое взаимодействие наночастиц с жидкой средой, по-нашему мнению, является одним из определяющих факторов их биологической активности. Изменение рН среды за счет высокой восстановительной способности наночастиц повышает проницаемость мембран, способствуя биоаккумуляции наночастиц или усилению их биосовместимости. Данная способность зависит от той информации (тех свойств), которой обладают частицы разных размеров, состава и физико-химических характеристик. Высокой биологической активностью обладают наночастицы металлов железа, кобальта, меди размером 35-60 нм в количестве 0,01-10,0 г на тонну семян, полученные низкотемпературной металлизацией нанодисперсных порошков гидроксидов. Наночастицы оксидов металлов размером 20-80 нм снижают рост и развитие растений, и в отличие от наночастиц металлов, они аккумулируются в структурах растений, понижая активность фитогормонов и ферментов. При этом аномальная дозовая зависимость эффекта в области сверхнизких концентраций биологически активных веществ зарегистрирована на уровне ответа не только клетки или целостного организма (растения), но и отдельных биомакромолекул (ферментов). В наших исследованиях мы обнаружили, что всякий раз при введении сверхмалых доз биологически активного вещества в организм животного, клеточную культуру или в модельную систему, содержащую суспензиюмембран, отмечается изменение структурных характеристик мембран. В свою очередь изменения структуры мембран могут приводить к изменению функционального состояния клетки, а наличие полимодальности в ответе можно объяснить сменой механизма действия вещества в том или ином концентрационном интервале на структуру мембраныThe biological activity of nanoparticles depends on the physical-chemical characteristics of the particles. The chemical interaction of nanoparticles with a liquid medium, in our opinion, is one of the determining factors in their biological activity. A change in the pH of the medium due to the high reducing bility of nanoparticles increases the permeability of membranes, promoting bio-accumulation of nanoparticles or enhancing theirbio-compatibility. This ability depends on the information (those properties) of particles of different sizes, their composition and physical-chemical characteristics. Metal nanoparticles of iron, cobalt, copper of 35-60 nm in the amount of 0.01-10.0 g per ton of seeds, obtained by low-temperature metallization of nanodispersed hydroxide powders, possess high biological activity. Nanoparticles of metal oxides with a size of 20-80 nm reduce plant growth and development, and unlike metal nanoparticles, they accumulate in plant structures, reducing the activity of phytohormones and enzymes. In this case, an abnormal dose dependence of the effect of ultra-low concentrations of biologically active substances is recorded at the level of response not only of the cell or the whole organism (plant), but also of individual bio-macromolecules (enzymes). The studies showed that every time an ultra-low dose of a biologically active substance is introduced into an animal, a cell culture, or into a model system containing a suspension of membranes, a change in the structural characteristics of the membranes is noted. In turn, changes in the structure of membranes can lead to a change in the functional state of the cell, and the presence of polymodality in the response can be explained by a change in the mechanism of action of a substance in a particular concentration range on the membrane structure.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury

Abstract Desalinated seawater is the major source of drinking water in many countries. During desalination, several activities including pretreatment, desalination, stabilization, mixing, storage and distribution are performed. Few disinfectants are used during these activities to control the biofouling agents and microbiological regrowth. The reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), bromide and iodide form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in product water. The product water is stabilized and mixed with treated freshwater (e.g., groundwater) to meet the domestic water demands. The DBPs in desalinated and blend water are an issue due to their possible cancer and non-cancer risks to humans. In this paper, formation and distribution of DBPs in different steps of desalination and water distribution systems prior to reaching the consumer tap were reviewed. The variability of DBPs among different sources and desalination processes was explained. The toxicities of DBPs were compared and the strategies to control DBPs in desalinated water were proposed. Several research directions were identified to achieve comprehensive control on DBPs in desalinated water, which are likely to protect humans from the adverse consequences of DBPs.


Author(s):  
Thuy T. T. Thanh ◽  
Thu T. M. Quach ◽  
Van T. T. Tran ◽  
Thanh V. Nguyen ◽  
Shiho Suzuki ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
H. Bokhari-Taieb Brahimi ◽  
D. E. Aizi ◽  
A. Bouhafsoun ◽  
K. Hachem ◽  
R. Mezemaze ◽  
...  

Retama monosperma is a fabaceous shrub that colonizes dune sands owing to its particularly important root system at depth and on the surface. It establishes symbiotic associations with rhizobia and thus plays a role in the bio -fertilization of soils. The stem fibers of R. monosperma are an interesting material for industry because of their useful biometric, physical, chemical and structural characteristics. The aim of this study was to complete these data with a biochemical analysis of the cell walls tissues of adult branches of R. monosperma. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins were extracted from cell wall. The weight dosage indicated that cellulose remained the major component of the wall (56% from the crude cell wall and 52% from the delignified cell wall) ahead of hemicelluloses (16% from the crude cell wall and 14% from the delignified cell wall) and pectins (5.6% from the crude cell wall and 5% from the delignified cell wall for water extract pectins and 3% from the crude cell wall and 2.4% from the delignified cell wall for oxalate extract pectins). The colorimetric assay of pectins extracted from lignified cell wall of R. monosperma suggested presence of more uronic acids (14.95µg/mL) than pectins extracted from a delignified cell wall (12.37 µg/mL). Gas chromatographic analysis of hemicellulosic extracts showed the presence of xylose as the major ose (54.7% from the crude cell wall and 46.7% from the delignified cell wall). Pectins were represented by homogalacturonan chains and rhamnogalacturonans 1. Data generated in this study are helpful for valorization of this plant.


2020 ◽  
pp. 3164-3171
Author(s):  
Andalus S. Atiyah ◽  
Marwa H. Alkhafaji

The microbial production of substances that have the ability to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms is possibly the most common defense strategy developed in nature. Microorganisms produce a variable collection of microbial defense systems, which include antibiotics, metabolic by-products, lytic agents, bacteriocins and others. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify Enterococcus spp. and  its most prevalent species from food samples and determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. A total of 50 food samples from different sources (dairy products (20 samples) and vegetables and fish (15 samples each)) were collected from different local markets in Baghdad and cultured. Enterococcus spp were isolated from only 32 food samples. E. faecium was the most predominant species which was recovered from 20 samples (62.5 %), 10 dairies, 7 vegetables, and 2 fish. E. faecalis was found in 8 samples (25 %), 5 vegetables and 3 fish.  E. avium was recovered 6.25% as well as E. gallinarium (2 samples for each) Enterococcus avium were all isolated from dairy products but Enterococcus gallinarium one sample isolated from dairies and the other from fish. This study indicates the presence of Enterococcus spp. in the food samples and the ability of these bacteria to produce antibacterial substances which are active against closely related clinical isolates.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
María Gabriela Di Barbaro ◽  
Horacio Enrique Andrada ◽  
Eleodoro Eduardo Del Valle ◽  
Celia Inés Brandán

The soil is influenced by the roots of plants because the exudate radicals affect its physical, chemical, and biological processes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the microbial activity of soils cultivated with yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poep. & Endl) H. Robinson and inoculated with microorganisms which promote plant growth. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three repetitions per treatment. Each repetition corresponded to a 3m x 3m plot with 25 plants, in 5 cultivation lines with a distance of 70 cm apart. Four treatments were applied at the time of plantation. These consisted of yacón propagules inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (T1) and native mycorrhizal fungi (T2) inoculated with the microbial consortium (T3). In the control treatments, the propagules were not inoculated with these microorganisms (T0). Soil samples were collected in lots cultivated with yacón located in the Province of Catamarca, in the northwest of Argentina. The samples were collected at the time of implantation and harvest during three agricultural cycles. The total Biological Activity (TBA) of the collected samples was determined by Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis. The TBA of the soil was affected by the different crop treatments, which rose in the analyzed soils and was statistically different from the control treatments. Significant differences were also observed between the TBA of the soils at the beginning of the crops in comparison with the recorded values of the crop at the time of harvest. The inoculation of yacón propagules with A. brasilense and native mycorrhizal fungi affects the TBA of the cultivated soils marking a significant increase.


2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Fuentes-Alventosa ◽  
G. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez ◽  
S. Jaramillo-Carmona ◽  
J.A. Espejo-Calvo ◽  
R. Rodríguez-Arcos ◽  
...  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document