scholarly journals Why Are Wet Wipes So Difficult to Preserve? Understanding the Intrinsic Causes

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Paul Salama ◽  
Ariel Gliksberg ◽  
Matan Cohen ◽  
Inbal Tzafrir ◽  
Noa Ziklo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Physicochemical Interactions ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Natural Fabrics ◽  
Made In

Over the last two decades, significant advances have been made in developing disposable baby wet wipes. Wet wipes consist of two main components: nonwoven fabric and liquid. Being more than 90% water, wet wipes are more susceptible to microbial growth than typical personal care products; hence, high concentrations of preservative compounds are often used to ensure extended protection against contamination. However, there is an obvious tendency to minimize the concentration of irritating actives. Baby wet wipes should contain particularly mild surfactants, well-tolerated preservatives, and a buffer system maintaining the formulation pH at a suitable level for the infant’s skin. Efforts have been centered on removing ingredients with irritation potential, such as phenoxyethanol. In addition, a move towards more natural fabrics is occurring. However, these modifications provoke new challenges in preserving the final products. The nature and composition of the fiber can influence the interactions between the preservative and the wipe, subsequently affecting the performance of the preservative system. In this study, we analyzed the causes of the challenge in preserving wet wipes. We found that fabrics containing natural fibers are the main source of contamination, promoting the generation of biofilms on their surfaces. Moreover, the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) was utilized to rationalize the physicochemical interactions between the fabric and the preservatives.

scholarly journals Determination of Environmental Factors for the Implementation of the Exploitability Index in Industrial Aggregate Mining Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal ◽  
Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Raúl Pereda-García
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Made In

The quality of human life is linked to the exploitation of mining resources. The Exploitability Index (EI) assesses the actual possibilities to enable a mine according to several factors. The environment is one of the most constraining ones, but its analysis is made in a shallow way. This research is focused on its determination, according to a new preliminary methodology that sets the main components of the environmental impact related to the development of an exploitation of industrial minerals and its weighting according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It is applied to the case of the ophitic outcrops in Cantabria (Spain). Twelve components are proposed and weighted with the AHP and an algorithm that allows for assigning a normalized value for the environmental factor to each deposit. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are applied, allowing us to map a large number of components of the environmental factors. This provides a much more accurate estimation of the environmental factor, with respect to reality, and improves the traditional methodology in a substantial way. It can be established as a methodology for mining spaces planning, but it is suitable for other contexts, and it raises developing the environmental analysis before selecting the outcrop to be exploited.

scholarly journals Study of the industrial contaminations containing hydrocarbon components and their effect on correlation of protective properties of textiles for clothes

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 02027
Author(s):  
Irina Cherunova ◽  
Elena Yakovleva ◽  
Ekaterina Stefanova
Keyword(s):  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
State Technical ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Saturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Level ◽  
Made In

The article represents trends and results of world investigations for safety of textile materials for humans and environment. The algorithm for identification of potential influence vector of chemical emissions from textile and the environmentally aimed methods based on the alternative chemical substances for textile wet processing were presented. Using the procedure for oleophobic effect determination, the oil resistance levels of a number of modern fabrics for clothes were established. The experimental research results of the oil products concentration in the textile materials after chemical treatment based on the method of the capillary gas chromatography were presented. It was found out that hydrocarbons from C14H30 Tetradecane to С36Н74 Hexatriacontane are the main components with high level of contaminants concentration. The average values of hydrocarbon concentration on the cleaned up samples for the main areas of the clothe surface were determined. Accumulation of residual contaminations, based on saturated hydrocarbons (С17Н36 – С25Н52 block) and related special-purpose clothes areas, was identified. Recommendations for target-oriented correlation of the clothes protective properties were proposed. UWO (unified work order). The research was made in Don State Technical University within the framework of State Assignment of the Ministry of education and science of Russia under the project 11.9194.2017/BCh.

Characterization of nuclear structures containing superhelical DNA

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Cook ◽  
I.A. Brazell ◽  
E. Jost
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Ionic Detergents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Nuclear Structures ◽  
Intercalating Agents ◽  
Made In

Structures resembling nuclei but depleted of protein may be released by gently lysing cells in solutions containing non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt. These nucleoids sediment in gradients containing intercalating agents in a manner characteristic of DNA that is intact, supercoiled and circular. The concentration of salt present during isolation of human nucleoids affects their protein content. When made in I-95 M NaCl they lack histones and most of the proteins characteristic of chromatin; in 1-0 M NaCl they contain variable amounts of histones. The effects of various treatments on nucleoid integrity were investigated.

scholarly journals Use of palmae wax hydrocarbon fractions as chemotaxonomical markers in Butia and Syagrus

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Paroul ◽  
RL. Cansian ◽  
M. Rossato ◽  
GF. Pauletti ◽  
LA. Serafini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Chemotaxonomic Markers ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Made In

The wax hydrocarbon fractions of native Butia and Syagrus species collected from Palms in different regions of the of Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil) and in Rocha (Uruguay) were analyzed to evaluate their potential as chemotaxonomic markers. The wax was extracted with chloroform and the resulting wax was fractionated by preparative TLC. The hydrocarbon fractions were analyzed by GC-MS. Statistical analyses were completed with the Statistica 5.0 program. The total crude wax yields averaged 0.31% w.w-1 dried leaves for Butia samples and 0.28% for Syagrus samples. The linear hydrocarbons represented on average 15% of the total waxes in the case of Butia samples and 13.7% in Syagrus samples. Hentriacontane and triacontane were the main components of all samples. The comparison of the means showed significant differences among Butia and Syagrus samples, and amongst Butia samples collected in different localities. In the case of the Syagrus collections no consistent groupings could be made. In the case of Butia samples the formation of three groupings could be observed, which were consistent with the species described for their geographical distribution. These results are discussed in the paper.

Gluconic acid production at high concentrations by Aspergillus niger immobilized on a nonwoven fabric

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Sakurai ◽  
Hang Woo Lee ◽  
Seigo Sato ◽  
Sukekuni Mukataka ◽  
Joji Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Gluconic Acid Production

COMPARISON BETWEEN PIXE AND XRF FOR OLD JAPANESE COPPER COIN ANALYSIS

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOICHI HARUYAMA ◽  
MANABU SAITO ◽  
TAKAHIRO MUNEDA ◽  
MASAKI MITANI ◽  
RIE YAMAMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Edo Period ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Copper Coin ◽  
Place Identification ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Made In

We have measured elemental concentration of old Japanese copper coins made in the Edo period (1600-1860) by PIXE and XRF to study the availability of elemental concentration analysis for production place identification of copper-based archaeological alloys. We also aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two methods for this purpose. We used 2.5 MeV proton beam for PIXE measurement. For XRF measurement we operated a XRF equipment with rhodium target at 50 kV Since elemental uniformity is indispensable for concentration analysis, we also measured the elemental distributions by SEM at 25 kV. Two dimensional images obtained by SEM showed nearly uniform distribution for iron, tin and antimony but not for lead. Besides of main components, copper and lead, many minor components were measured by PIXE and XRF. The relative concentrations of arsenic, silver, antimony and tin showed clear difference by the place the coins were made.

scholarly journals MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. De Kruif
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type D ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Distinct Maximum ◽  
Made In

Type G microbes, discovered in pure cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, have been demonstrated to arise from the parent D form by mutation. The D → G mutation takes place in broth cultures of pure-line strains of Microbe D, when these are kept for several days without transplant at 37°C., or at room temperature, or in the ice box. The mutation is greatly inhibited by filtrates from 6 and 24 hour cultures of Microbe D, and to some extent by filtrates from 48 hour cultures. The process of transformation takes place to a very slight extent or not at all in undiluted rabbit serum, but Type G colonies subcultured to this medium do not revert to the parent D form. The D → G change is strongly inhibited in cultures made in simple beef infusion, or in 5 per cent rabbit serum-beef infusion. Peptone would seem to be the constituent of plain broth which favors the process. In high concentrations of peptone, the mutation is rapid and may reach a degree of 90 per cent of the total organisms in 5 to 6 days. A distinct maximum of the relative number of Type G colonies as compared to the parent Type D is observable in plain broth and in some concentrations of peptone, when these are kept at 37°C. for some days without transplant. Subsequent tests show the concentration of Type G microbes to diminish. The change in acid agglutination optimum exhibited by the mutant G forms implies a distinct change in bacterial protoplasm and would seem to be one of the most fundamental mutations so far described.

scholarly journals Doeltreffende keuringsonderhoude: Die taak van lynbestuur

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
David Tromp
Keyword(s):  
Risky Decision ◽  
Selection Interview ◽  
Selection Interviews ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Selection Decision ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Line Manager ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Made In

Effective selection interviews: The task of line management The selection interview still remains one of the most important and most commonly used selection techniques. During their formal training personnel officials are normally taught how to conduct selection interviews in a professional and effective way. However, the final responsibility for the selection decision still rests with the line manager but he often lacks the skills necessary to conduct a good selection interview. The result of this is that a highly intuitive and risky decision is taken. In this article the most important errors which interviewers make, are discussed. These errors relate in the first instance to the way in which selection interviews are conducted and the resulting shortcomings in communication which have a negative effect on the availability of the information required for decision-making. Secondly, errors are often made in respect of the interpretation and evaluation of this information. A procedure for eliminating these errors is proposed of which the main components are a semi-structured approach and the use of an interview appraisal form based on the prior identification of the required behavioural dimensions.

scholarly journals Keep talking: crosstalk between iron and sulfur networks fine-tunes growth and development to promote survival under iron limitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (16) ◽  
pp. 4197-4210 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Mendoza-Cózatl ◽  
Arun Gokul ◽  
Mogamat F Carelse ◽  
Timothy O Jobe ◽  
Terri A Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Iron Sulfur ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Made In

Abstract Plants are capable of synthesizing all the molecules necessary to complete their life cycle from minerals, water, and light. This plasticity, however, comes at a high energetic cost and therefore plants need to regulate their economy and allocate resources accordingly. Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are at the center of photosynthesis, respiration, amino acid, and DNA metabolism. Fe–S clusters are extraordinary catalysts, but their main components (Fe2+ and S2−) are highly reactive and potentially toxic. To prevent toxicity, plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate the uptake, storage, and assimilation of Fe and S. Recent advances have been made in understanding the cellular economy of Fe and S metabolism individually, and growing evidence suggests that there is dynamic crosstalk between Fe and S networks. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent literature on Fe sensing, allocation, use efficiency, and, when pertinent, its relationship to S metabolism. Our future perspectives include a discussion about the open questions and challenges ahead and how the plant nutrition field can come together to approach these questions in a cohesive and more efficient way.

The Geometric Component Of Technical Innovations

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Николай Сальков ◽  
Nikolay Sal'kov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Screw Mixer ◽  
Extrusion Head ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Made In

In technical inventions related to innovative developments, the role of one of the main components belongs to geometry. A follow hypothesis has been adopted: in technical inventions the geometrical component is the determining one. This hypothesis applied to technical inventions can be confirmed by any copyright certificate, any patent both in Russia and abroad. In proposed paper this statement is proved by examples developed based on geometry of following inventions. 1. Screen feeder for sticky masses. Screen feeder’s grates are made in pairs, and between grate pairs there are gaps for screening of material’s size-defined fractions. In the screen-feeder has been proposed such geometry of grates that grates of each pair could clean each other, thereby preventing sticking on the surface and destroying the gaps between the pairs, which transforms the usual screen-feeder with cylindrical grates at an ordinary feeder. 2. Double-screw mixer for paste-like masses. The mixer consists of two contiguous worms. Their surfaces are the helical ones, in cross-section consisting of two quarters of circles stacked at the ends. Such cross-section allows homogenize the mixed paste-like material in the best way, and also deliver it under higher pressure in an extrusion head, that improves a final product. 3. Machine for processing of multi-faceted surfaces. This invention serves for manufacture of worms with a cross-section composed of two, three, etc. pieces of circles of the same radius and angle. Worms, made with this machine, are designed for the above mentioned two-screw mixer. 4. Method of mechanical processing. This method is also intended to manufacture of worms for two-screw mixer.

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