scholarly journals Coleopteran Pollinators of Annonaceae in the Brazilian Cerrado—A Review

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Fábio Pinheiro Saravy ◽  
Marinez Isaac Marques ◽  
Karl-L. Schuchmann
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Basal Group ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Floral Characters

The evolutionary trajectories of insects and angiosperms appear to be intimately interconnected. Increases in the diversity of phytophagous beetles and angiosperms co-occur in the Mesozoic fossil record, and there is fossil evidence of pollinivory and pollination by insects, both in flowering plants and in gymnosperms. The oldest records of angiosperm pollination indicate flies as pollen vectors. A basal group of angiosperms, the order Magnoliales, has retained plesiomorphic characters such as dozens of pistils and stamens spiraling around the receptacle. In a family of this order, Annonaceae, over 90% of species are pollinated by beetles. In many Annonaceae species, flowers display wide spaces, referred to as floral chambers, where beetles can find shelter from weather conditions and predators, food in the form of pollen and tissues, and a mating site. Two basic types of floral chambers can be distinguished: small chambers visited by small beetles (Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, and Curculionidae) with diurnal and/or nocturnal activity and large and thermogenic floral chambers visited by beetles of the tribe Cyclocephalini (Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae). In the latter case, the heat that the flowers produce may serve as a resource for the beetles that visit them, resulting in smaller endothermy costs for the scarabs. This study reviewed the literature including PhD and MSc theses on cantharophilous Annonaceae in the Cerrado. In this biome, both types of associations are found, although cantharophilous Annonaceae represent a small portion of the plant species (<5%). Cantharophilous Annonaceae in the Cerrado share attributes according to the beetles that pollinate them: species pollinated by small beetles, for instance, may flower throughout the year, whereas Annonaceae pollinated by Cyclocephalini normally flower in the beginning of the rainy season (October/November), in synchrony with the phenological patterns of their pollinators. Cantharophilous Annonaceae flowers, regardless of their size, tend to have light colors and sweet and fruity odors. In addition to the lack of studies on the attraction of beetles by these floral characters, the taxonomic composition of the beetles that pollinate Annonaceae in the Cerrado is poorly known. This review attempts to discuss, in light of what has already been published, potential fields of investigation concerning pollinating beetles’ behavior and evolution.

Palaeolatitudinal distribution of the Ediacaran macrobiota

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2021-030
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Boddy ◽  
Emily G. Mitchell ◽  
Andrew Merdith ◽  
Alexander G. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Cambrian Radiation ◽  
Supplementary Material

Macrofossils of the late Ediacaran Period (c. 579–539 Ma) document diverse, complex multicellular eukaryotes, including early animals, prior to the Cambrian radiation of metazoan phyla. To investigate the relationships between environmental perturbations, biotic responses and early metazoan evolutionary trajectories, it is vital to distinguish between evolutionary and ecological controls on the global distribution of Ediacaran macrofossils. The contributions of temporal, palaeoenvironmental and lithological factors in shaping the observed variations in assemblage taxonomic composition between Ediacaran macrofossil sites are widely discussed, but the role of palaeogeography remains ambiguous. Here we investigate the influence of palaeolatitude on the spatial distribution of Ediacaran macrobiota through the late Ediacaran Period using two leading palaeogeographical reconstructions. We find that overall generic diversity was distributed across all palaeolatitudes. Among specific groups, the distributions of candidate ‘Bilateral’ and Frondomorph taxa exhibit weakly statistically significant and statistically significant differences between low and high palaeolatitudes within our favoured palaeogeographical reconstruction, respectively, whereas Algal, Tubular, Soft-bodied and Biomineralizing taxa show no significant difference. The recognition of statistically significant palaeolatitudinal differences in the distribution of certain morphogroups highlights the importance of considering palaeolatitudinal influences when interrogating trends in Ediacaran taxon distributions.Supplementary material: Supplementary information, data and code are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5488945Thematic collection: This article is part of the Advances in the Cambrian Explosion collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/advances-cambrian-explosion

Measuring population fluctuation of jatropha stem-borer [Cophes notaticeps (Marshall)] in the Brazilian Cerrado using a new trap

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Oliveira ◽  
C.N. Silva ◽  
M.R. Frizzas ◽  
A.C. Dianese
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Population Fluctuation ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Population Peak ◽  
In The Beginning

AbstractThis study aimed to monitor the population fluctuation of Cophes notaticeps (Marshall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) plantation in the Federal District, Brazil, through the use of a new trap, combined with different attractive lures and trap colors. The study was conducted at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina/DF) in a field trial with 720 plants. The new trap, named CPAC16, was made with PVC pipes (100 mm in diameter) of about 40 cm in length, with a window (8 × 10 cm2) in its center to enable insect access. A lure compartment was fixed on the inside of the trap`s top, and a pot, containing water and detergent, was placed at its bottom to collect the insects. The traps were painted in red, yellow, blue and green. Molasses, ethanol and pineapple were used as attractive lures. The traps were in the field trial area between May 2013 and April 2014 and the insects were collected weekly. The incidence of plants presenting damage caused by C. notaticeps was evaluated in the beginning and at the end of the study. The CPAC16 trap proved efficient in monitoring C. notaticeps. About 3494 of C. notaticeps adults were collected during the study. There were no significant differences among traps painted with different colors. The most attractive lure was molasses collecting 75.2% (n = 2627) of the specimens. Although the population peak occurred in December (n = 1162), C. notaticeps were collected throughout the year. The incidence of plants attacked by C. notaticeps ranged from 66.4% (start) to 100% (end).

scholarly journals Past Evolution and Recent Changes in Western Europe Large-scale Circulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Blanc ◽  
Juliette Blanchet ◽  
Jean-Dominique Creutin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Zonal Flows ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Height Fields ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Local Weather

Abstract. Detecting trends in regional large-scale circulation (LSC) is an important challenge as LSC is a key driver of local weather conditions. In this work, we investigate the past evolution of Western Europe LSC based on the 500 hPa geopotential height fields from 20CRv2c (1851–2010), ERA20C (1900–2010) and ERA5 (1950–2010) reanalyses. We focus on the evolution of large-scale circulation characteristics using three atmospheric descriptors that are based on analogy – characterizing the geopotential shape stationarity and how well a geopotential shape is reproduced in the climatology – together with a non-analogy descriptor accounting for the intensity of the centers of action. These descriptors were shown relevant to study precipitation extremes and variability in the Northwestern Alps in previous studies. Even though LSC characteristics and trends are consistent among the three reanalyses after 1950, we find major differences between 20CRv2c and ERA20C from 1900 to 1950 in accordance with previous studies. Notably, ERA20C produces flatter geopotential shapes in the beginning of the 20th century and shows a reinforcement of the meridional pressure gradient that is not observed in 20CRv2c. We then focus on the recent changes in LSC from 1950 to 2019 using ERA5. We combine the four atmospheric descriptors with an existing weather pattern classification to study the recent changes in the main atmospheric influences over France and Western Europe (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Northeast, Anticyclonic). We show that little changes are found in Northeast circulations. However, we show that Atlantic circulations (zonal flows) tend to become more similar to known Atlantic circulations in winter. Anticyclonic conditions tend to become more stationary in summer – a change that can potentially affect summer heatwaves. Furthermore, Mediterranean circulations tend to become more stationary, more similar to known Mediterranean circulations and associated with stronger centers of action in autumn, which could have implications for autumn extreme precipitation in the Mediterranean-influenced regions of the Southwestern Alps.

scholarly journals Variation between some apricot varieties in regard to flowering phenology in Boldogkôváralja, Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ezzat ◽  
L. Amriskó ◽  
G. G. ◽  
T. Mikita ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Flowering Periods ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Different Origin

The aim of this study was the estimation of blossoming of 14 apricot cultivars in Boldogkôváralja in 2009, 2010 and 2011 seasons. And this will help growers to select appropriate varieties to their weather conditions. For this target the blooming period of 19 apricot varieties of different origin was observed in three subsequent years. There was no large difference in the beginning of blooming in the different years, and the greatest variation between the start date of flowering was about 1 to 3 days as the place of experiment site near to northern border and also, length of flowering period of apricot trees is also inversely related to date when blooming started. The little differences in flowering dates and flowering periods due to the high temperature through the three seasons of study.

INCREASE IN BIOMASS AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SPRING BARLEY DEPENDING ON THE MINERAL NUTRITION LEVEL AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
O. А. Artyukhova ◽  
O. V. Gladysheva ◽  
V. А. Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
In The Beginning

The article presents the results of a study of the effect of applying doses of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N30P30K30, N60P60K60, N90P90K90) when cultivating varieties of spring barley (Vladimir, Reliable, Yaromir) on the formation of the area of leaf plates, the growth of green biomass and the accumulation of dry matter by crop plants in different years of moisture in the South of the Central non-Chernozem region. It was found that the use of mineral fertilizers in doses N60P60K60, N90P90K90 contributed to the greatest increase in the area of the assimilation apparatus and the growth of plant biomass. In the phase of entering the tube, the leaf area on the above backgrounds exceeded the control variants by an average of 49,6 and 63,3 % (Vladimir variety), 62,3 and 45,4 % (Reliable variety), and 44,6 and 53,2 % (Yaromir variety). The average growth of biomass in 2017-2019 with the use of N60P60K60, N90P90K90 increased compared to the control variants by 83,3 and 182,7 % (Vladimir variety), by 68,9 and 88,3 % (Reliable variety) and by 82,0 and 107,5 % (Yaromir variety) in the beginning of earing phase with further growth of this indicator to the phase of milk ripeness of plants. The percentage of dry matter in plants depended not only on the doses of mineral fertilizers, but also on weather conditions, namely, on the value of the Selyaninov hydrothermal moisture coefficient (SCC). With an increase in the applied rates of fertilizers, at values of GTC in the range of 0,37 – 0,44, dry matter is accumulated by plants, at values from 0,64 to 1,2, due to the provided moisture and greater water consumption by spring barley varieties, the percentage of dry matter content decreased. Yield – the final indicator of all conditions. Reliable and Yaromir varieties showed the greatest stability in obtaining a good harvest, which exceeded the values of control variants on average for 2017-2019 by 89,1 and 79,0 % on backgrounds N60P60K60 and N90P90K90 respectively. Correlations were determined for all the studied indicators.

scholarly journals Inter-annual weather variability can drive the outcome of predator prey match in ponds

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm Reinhardt ◽  
Sebastian Steinfartz ◽  
Markus Weitere
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Ephemeral Ponds ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Salamander Larvae

The matching of life-history-events to the availability of prey is essential for the growth and development of predators. Mismatches can constrain individuals to complete life-cycle steps in time and in ephemeral habitats it can lead to mortality unless compensation mechanisms exist. Here we measured the performance of a population of European fire-salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) and their prey in ephemeral ponds. We analysed how short time inter-annual variability of yearly rainfall and temperature (two consecutive years, 2011 and 2012) affects matching of predator and prey and how two different weather scenarios influenced the predator’s population structure. A single species (larvae of the mosquito Aedes vexans) dominates the prey community here, which occurs in high quantities only in the beginning of the season. When the occurrence of prey and predator matched during a period of sufficiently high temperatures (as in 2011), initial growth of the salamander larvae was high and population size development homogeneous. At low temperatures during matching of predatory and prey (as in 2012), the initial growth was low but the salamander larvae developed into two distinctly different sizes. Further, some individuals in the large cohort became cannibalistic and initial size differences increased. As a result, the latest (smallest) cohort disappeared completely. Temperature measurements and estimation of maximal growth rates revealed that temperature differences alone could explain the different early development between years. Our data show that weather conditions (rainfall; temperature during early growth phase) strongly determined the performance of salamander larvae in ponds. Our data also add to the match-mismatch concept that abiotic growth conditions (here: low temperature) could prevent efficient conversion of prey- into predator-biomass despite high prey availability.

Peculliarities of seasonal the plum fruit moth (Grapholita fune-brana Tr.) flight dynamics of in plum orchards (Prunus domestica L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
I.V. Shevchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Flight Dynamics ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Sum Of Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning

As a result of the long-term (2011-2018) researches in plum orchards the intensity types of the plum fruit moth butterflies flight seasonal dynamics – low, normal and high have been established which are observed during the vegetation period. The two latters are dangerous for crop so they are problematic for producers and require the flight dynamics control. The weather conditions indicators have been systematized. The mathematical parameters have been determined between those indices and the insect imago population density. The types of intensity of the seasonal flight dynamics (low, normal, and high) that can be observed during the vegetation period have been established. The onset of the imago flight of the plum fruit moth after overwintering at the normal intensity is observed under the sum of effective temperatures (SET) of 80.9 and precipitations up to 33.1 with a probability of 0.545, whereas at high the intensity these indicators were 116.0 °C, 26.3 mm and 0.273 respectively. As for the generation which overwintered the usual flight type of G. funebrana Tr. has been noted at SET 332.7, precipitations 44.8 with a probability of 0.636, and high type, at 410.1 °C, 37.5 mm and 0.182 respectively. The summer generation under the normal intensity developed at SET 710.7, precipitations sum 48.3 and probability 0.555, at high intensity, 604.3 °C, 52.6 mm and 0.364 respectively. In the right-bank part of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the imago flight began at the end of April – in the beginning of May. The imago flight ends mostly at the end of September but may last until mid-October when autumn is warm. The average number of the butterflies of the generation wich overwintered under normal and high intensity types, varied to 15.1 and 20.9 respectively, and in the summer generation decreased to 7.8 and 10.5 specimens. Under the low intensity type, the amount of imago after wintering average at 5.0 and for the summer generation 5.8 specimens. The maximum G. funebrana density after wintering under the normal and high types of flight intensity was 19.4 and 30.1 and for the summer generation 15.7 and 27.1 specimens respectively. These figures under the low flight intensity for the both generations were 8.7 and 5.9 specimens respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the average imago number in traps (56.9 %) was determined by the intensity type, the generation share was 24.7 %, and the interaction between the two factors was within 12.6 %. The maximum imago trapping rates depended mainly on the intensity type – 90 %, and the other factors proportions studied were 3.3 and 6.7 %.

scholarly journals The vascular flora of the cerrado in Emas National Park (Central Brazil): a savanna flora summarized

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antônio Batalha ◽  
Fernando Roberto Martins
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Floristic Patterns ◽  
Curatella Americana

The Brazilian cerrado may be divided in two main phytogeographic sectors: one characterized by Piptocarpha rotundifolia, in which the Emas National Park (ENP) is located, and other characterized by Curatella americana. We carried out a floristic survey in ENP, which allowed an assessment of the taxonomic composition, taxa size, and similarity with other sites for the ENP's vascular flora. We compared the ENP's flora with southeastern outlying cerrado sites, also in the Piptocarpha sector, and with general floristic patterns in the cerrado vegetation. The distribution of species per family in ENP was significantly different from that obtained for each component of the general cerrado flora. The herbaceous component was characterized by an overproportion of Myrtaceae and an underproportion of Orchidaceae and Lythraceae; and the woody component, by an overproportion of Myrtaceae and Nyctaginaceae. When compared with outlying cerrado sites, the ENP was quite distinct, not only at species level, but also at family level.

Pollen vectors in sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2889-2890 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Gabriel ◽  
Peter W. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
Mesh Bags ◽  
Pollen Distribution

To determine whether insect vectors alone are responsible for all of the pollination that occurs in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), pistillate flowers of three trees in Vermont were covered with fine mesh bags. This procedure provided evidence that this species can receive sufficient pollen for pollination by wind alone, although both insects and wind are factors in pollen distribution under optimal weather conditions.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

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