UAS-GEOBIA Approach to Sapling Identification in Jack Pine Barrens after Fire

Jack pine (pinus banksiana) forests are unique ecosystems controlled by wildfire. Understanding the traits of revegetation after wildfire is important for sustainable forest management, as these forests not only provide economic resources, but also are home to specialized species, like the Kirtland Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii). Individual tree detection of jack pine saplings after fire events can provide information about an environment’s recovery. Traditional satellite and manned aerial sensors lack the flexibility and spatial resolution required for identifying saplings in early post-fire analysis. Here we evaluated the use of unmanned aerial systems and geographic object-based image analysis for jack pine sapling identification in a region burned during the 2012 Duck Lake Fire in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Results of this study indicate that sapling identification accuracies can top 90%, and that accuracy improves with the inclusion of red and near infrared spectral bands. Results also indicated that late season imagery performed best when discriminating between young (<5 years) jack pines and herbaceous ground cover in these environments.

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Testing for trade-offs between flight and reproduction in the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on two pine (Pinaceae) hosts

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2019.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 151 (3) ◽

pp. 298-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asha Wijerathna ◽

Caroline Whitehouse ◽

Heather Proctor ◽

Maya Evenden

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Mountain Pine Beetle ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Tree Level ◽

Offspring Sex Ratio ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Mountain Pine ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Pine Beetle

AbstractMountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), adults fly to disperse before host colonisation. The effect of flight on reproduction was tested by comparing the number and quality of offspring from beetles flown on flight mills to that of unflown control beetles. Beetles reproduced in bolts of their native host, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae)), or a novel host, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert (Pinaceae)). Bolts infested by control beetles produced more offspring overall than bolts with flown beetles. The effect of pine species on the number of offspring produced per bolt varied by individual tree. Flown adults produced fewer offspring compared to control parents in all bolts in jack pine regardless of the tree, but tree-level variation was visible in lodgepole pine. An interaction between flight treatment and tree host affected beetle body condition. More offspring emerged from jack pine, but higher quality offspring emerged from lodgepole pine. The offspring sex ratio was female-biased regardless of parental flight treatment. This study reveals trade-offs between flight and reproduction in mountain pine beetle as measured at the level of the bolt.

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Comparative Growth and Development of Planted and Natural Stands of Jack Pine

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc64320-4 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 320-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. S. Janas ◽

D. G. Brand

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Initial Density ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Large Individual ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Natural Stand ◽

Tree Form ◽

Stem Quality ◽

Natural Stands

This study compares growth yield, and stem quality differences at age 21 between plantations spaced at 2.13 × 2.13 m (2204 stems/ha) and 4.27 × 4.27 m (548 stems/ha), and a nearby natural jack pine stand of identical age (initial density of 29 800 stems/ha). Merchantable volume/ha was greatest at the 2.13 m spacing, followed by the less dense plantation and natural stand. Total volume/ha (trees > 1.3 m height) was also greatest in the 2.13 m plantation, followed by the natural stand and the 4.27 m plantation. Individual tree mean merchantable volumes decreased with increasing density. Height growth decreased with increasing density. Height 4.27 m plantation relative to the 2.13 m plantation. Stem quality of the natural stand was markedly better than in both plantations. A comparison of an older natural stand and a plantation in the same area suggests that superiority of tree form of denser natural stands will continue through to rotation. High mortality in the natural stand was largely the result of snow and ice damage which caused patchy and irregular stocking. These results imply that widely spaced plantations of unimproved jack pine will produce large individual tree sizes, but at the expense of quality. Key words: Pinus banksiana, plantations, natural stands, stem quality growth and yield, stand density, mortality, spacing, silviculture.

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Soil respiration and photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide by ground-cover plants in four ages of jack pine forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x01-092 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (9) ◽

pp. 1540-1550 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Robert G Striegl ◽

Kimberly P Wickland

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Land Surface ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Stand Age ◽

Measured Flux ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Mature Stands

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission (soil respiration), net CO2 exchange after photosynthetic uptake by ground-cover plants, and soil CO2 concentration versus depth below land surface were measured at four ages of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest in central Saskatchewan. Soil respiration was smallest at a clear-cut site, largest in an 8-year-old stand, and decreased with stand age in 20-year-old and mature (6075 years old) stands during May September 1994 (12.1, 34.6, 31.5, and 24.9 mol C·m2, respectively). Simulations of soil respiration at each stand based on continuously recorded soil temperature were within one standard deviation of measured flux for 48 of 52 measurement periods, but were 10%30% less than linear interpolations of measured flux for the season. This was probably due to decreased soil respiration at night modeled by the temperature-flux relationships, but not documented by daytime chamber measurements. CO2 uptake by ground-cover plants ranged from 0 at the clear-cut site to 29, 25, and 9% of total growing season soil respiration at the 8-year, 20-year, and mature stands. CO2 concentrations were as great as 7150 ppmv in the upper 1 m of unsaturated zone and were proportional to measured soil respiration.

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Rating Introgression between Lodgepole and Jack Pine at the Individual Tree Level Using Morphological Traits

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/28.3.138 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 138-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katherine P. Bleiker ◽

Allan L. Carroll

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Introgressive Hybridization ◽

Principal Component ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Tree Level ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Individual Trees

Abstract Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.

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Planting recommendations for blueberry — sweetfern sites in northern Ontario

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc51024-1 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 24-26

Author(s):

R. E. Mullin

Keyword(s):

Populus Tremuloides ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Common Species ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Red Pine ◽

Average Height ◽

White Birch ◽

Northern Ontario ◽

Local Conditions

This is an extension of a 1968 report on experiments established to study species, age-classes, and planting site treatments for blueberry-sweet-fern (Vaccinium-Comptonia) sites in northern Ontario. Red pine (3–0 and 2–2) and jack pine (2–0 and 2–1) were planted in scalped spots, in furrows, in herbicide-spray strips, in ground cover, and in bulldozed plots. This report is based on survival and height at 10 years after planting.The results suggest that jack pine is more satisfactory than red pine, producing much greater aggregate height (survival × average height). In both species transplants performed better than seedlings. Comparisons of site treatment and planting methods showed that furrowing and bulldozing were both satisfactory for 2–2 red pine, but that bulldozing was clearly the best method for jack pine.Reforestation of dry "blueberry-sweetfern" sites in north-central and northeastern Ontario has often been difficult. These plant associations occur on dry sands and gravels, usually following a fire, or a cutover and burn. The ground cover is Vaccinium spp. and Comptonia peregrina (L) Coult., with scattered herbs and grasses. There may also be light or open cover of trees, such as jack pine Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white birch (Betula payrifera Marsh) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Jack pine is the common species for planting but under some local conditions red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) may be preferred.In 1959 experimental plots were established in the forest districts of Chapleau, Swastika and North Bay, to examine some aspects of the planting requirements for these sites. This report is based on the tenth-year survival and height measurements at Swastika and North Bay. The Chapleau plots are not included because of uncertainty caused by invasion of natural seedlings. An earlier report (Mullin 1968a) was based on the Chapleau and Swastika plots to the fifth-year after planting.

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A System to Evaluate Prime Farmland Reclamation Success Based on Spatial Soil Properties

Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation ◽

10.21000/jasmr20040001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1-43

Author(s):

Dustin L. Corr ◽

Keyword(s):

Picea Glauca ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Principal Component ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Red Maple ◽

Upper Peninsula ◽

Rock Fragments ◽

Prime Farmland ◽

Resources Conservation

Abstract. Scholars, governmental agencies, and concerned citizens are interested in developing empirical predictive models to quantitatively assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils (neo- sols). This research presents equations for a northern Michigan mining region in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, based on data derived from the National Resources Conservation Service. We employed principal component analysis to develop models to predict the vegetative productivity of corn, corn silage, oats, alfalfa/hay, Irish potatoes, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aniton), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). Soil attributes that were examined in this research include: available water holding capacity, moist bulk density, % clay, % rock fragments, hydraulic conductivity, % organic matter, soil reactivity, % slope, and topographic position. Four predictive equations based on landscape topography have been developed and are described as an all-mesic woody plant and crop equation, a xeric equation, an equation specific to jack pine, and a wet environment equation. The models were highly significant (p<0.0001) and explained 87.93%, 74.52%, 65.33%, and 87.68% of the variation in site productivity of the respective landscape setting. These equations are intended to assist in efforts to assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils on post-mined landscapes and other disturbed landscapes.

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Long-term effects of jack pine budworm outbreaks on the growth of jack pine trees in Michigan

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x99-110 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (10) ◽

pp. 1510-1517 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bradley E Conway ◽

Deborah G McCullough ◽

Larry A Leefers

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Upper Peninsula ◽

Average Growth ◽

Jack Pine Budworm ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽

Upper Peninsula Of Michigan

Growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from the Raco Plains area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was examined over an 18-year period (1978-1995) that included two jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreaks. Specific volume increments were calculated for 84 trees grouped into three classes based on their status in 1996; 36 trees were undamaged, 24 trees had been recently top-killed, and 24 trees had been recently killed. Average growth was converted to proportion of previous years' growth for three periods: before the 1983-1985 outbreak, between the 1983-1985 and 1991-1993 outbreak, and after the onset of the 1991-1993 outbreak. Differences in growth over these periods among undamaged, recently top-killed, and recently killed trees were evaluated. Growth did not differ among the three groups before the 1983-1985 outbreak. From 1983-1990, undamaged and recently top-killed trees grew significantly more than recently killed trees. There was no difference in average growth from 1983 to 1990 between undamaged and recently top-killed trees. Growth of undamaged trees was significantly greater than growth of recently top-killed trees following the onset of defoliation from the 1991-1993 outbreak. Patterns of growth loss suggest that a history of defoliation stress from multiple budworm outbreaks was an important determinant of tree mortality.

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Understanding Vine Hyperspectral Signature through Different Irrigation Plans: A First Step to Monitor Vineyard Water Status

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13030536 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 536

Author(s):

Eve Laroche-Pinel ◽

Mohanad Albughdadi ◽

Sylvie Duthoit ◽

Véronique Chéret ◽

Jacques Rousseau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Water Status ◽

Vegetation Indices ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Short Wave ◽

Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽

Spectral Bands ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Spectral Scale ◽

Grape Varieties

The main challenge encountered by Mediterranean winegrowers is water management. Indeed, with climate change, drought events are becoming more intense each year, dragging the yield down. Moreover, the quality of the vineyards is affected and the level of alcohol increases. Remote sensing data are a potential solution to measure water status in vineyards. However, important questions are still open such as which spectral, spatial, and temporal scales are adapted to achieve the latter. This study aims at using hyperspectral measurements to investigate the spectral scale adapted to measure their water status. The final objective is to find out whether it would be possible to monitor the vine water status with the spectral bands available in multispectral satellites such as Sentinel-2. Four Mediterranean vine plots with three grape varieties and different water status management systems are considered for the analysis. Results show the main significant domains related to vine water status (Short Wave Infrared, Near Infrared, and Red-Edge) and the best vegetation indices that combine these domains. These results give some promising perspectives to monitor vine water status.

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Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases: a review (1970–2020)

Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1007/s11676-021-01378-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lorenzo Cotrozzi

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Visible Spectrum ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Infrared Region ◽

Forest Disturbances ◽

Effective Manner ◽

Forest Diseases

AbstractSustainable forest management is essential to confront the detrimental impacts of diseases on forest ecosystems. This review highlights the potential of vegetation spectroscopy in improving the feasibility of assessing forest disturbances induced by diseases in a timely and cost-effective manner. The basic concepts of vegetation spectroscopy and its application in phytopathology are first outlined then the literature on the topic is discussed. Using several optical sensors from leaf to landscape-level, a number of forest diseases characterized by variable pathogenic processes have been detected, identified and quantified in many country sites worldwide. Overall, these reviewed studies have pointed out the green and red regions of the visible spectrum, the red-edge and the early near-infrared as the spectral regions most sensitive to the disease development as they are mostly related to chlorophyll changes and symptom development. Late disease conditions particularly affect the shortwave-infrared region, mostly related to water content. This review also highlights some major issues to be addressed such as the need to explore other major forest diseases and geographic areas, to further develop hyperspectral sensors for early detection and discrimination of forest disturbances, to improve devices for remote sensing, to implement long-term monitoring, and to advance algorithms for exploitation of spectral data. Achieving of these goals will enhance the capability of vegetation spectroscopy in early detection of forest stress and in managing forest diseases.

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Trade-Offs among Release Treatments in Jack Pine Plantations: Twenty-Five Year Responses

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12030370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 370

Author(s):

Holly D. Deighton ◽

Frederick Wayne Bell ◽

Nelson Thiffault ◽

Eric B. Searle ◽

Mathew Leitch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Diversity ◽

Boreal Forests ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Vegetation Management ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Forest Diversity ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Jack Pine Forests ◽

Stand Yield ◽

Forest Managers

We assessed 27 indicators of plant diversity, stand yield and individual crop tree responses 25 years post-treatment to determine long-term trade-offs among conifer release treatments in boreal and sub-boreal forests. This research addresses the lack of longer-term data needed by forest managers to implement more integrated vegetation management programs, supporting more informed decisions about release treatment choice. Four treatments (untreated control, motor-manual brushsaw, single aerial spray, and complete competition removal) were established at two jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that plant diversity and productivity in boreal jack pine forests are significantly influenced by vegetation management treatments. Overall, release treatments did not cause a loss of diversity but benefitted stand-scale yield and individual crop tree growth, with maximum benefits occurring in more intensive release treatments. However, none of the treatments maximized all 27 indicators studied; thus, forest managers are faced with trade-offs when choosing treatments. Research on longer term effects, ideally through at least one rotation, is essential to fully understand outcomes of different vegetation management on forest diversity, stand yield, and individual crop tree responses.

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