Low Altitude Measurement Accuracy Improvement of the Airborne FMCW Radio Altimeters

This manuscript focuses on the analysis of a critical height of radio altimeters that can help for the development of new types of aeronautical radio altimeters with increased accuracy in measuring low altitudes. Altitude measurement accuracy is connected with a form of processing the difference signal of a radio altimeter, which carries information on the measured altitude. The definition of the altitude measurement accuracy is closely linked to the value of a critical height. Modern radio altimeters with digital processing of a difference signal could shift the limit of accuracy towards better values when the basics of the determination of critical height are thoroughly known. The theory results from the analysis and simulation of dynamic formation and the dissolution of the so-called stable and unstable height pulses, which define the range of the critical height and are presented in the paper. The theory is supported by a new method of derivation of the basic equation of a radio altimeter based on a critical height. The article supports the new theory of radio altimeters with the ultra-wide frequency deviation that lead to the increase the accuracy of a low altitude measurement. Complex mathematical analysis of the dynamic formation of critical height and a computer simulation of its course supported by the new form of the derivation of the basic equation of radio altimeter guarantee the correctness of the new findings of the systematic creation of unstable height pulses and the influence of their number on the altitude measurement accuracy. Application of the presented findings to the aviation practice will contribute to increasing the accuracy of the low altitude measurement from an aircraft during its landing and to increasing air traffic safety.

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Possibilities of Increasing the Low Altitude Measurement Precision of Airborne Radio Altimeters

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics7090191 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ján Labun ◽

Martin Krchňák ◽

Pavol Kurdel ◽

Marek Češkovič ◽

Alexey Nekrasov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Pulse Shaping ◽

Measurement Accuracy ◽

Continuous Wave ◽

Digital Processing ◽

Measurement Precision ◽

Frequency Increase ◽

Height Measurement ◽

Low Altitude ◽

Double Channel

The paper focuses on the new trend of increasing the accuracy of low altitudes measurement by frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radio altimeters. The method of increasing the altitude measurement accuracy has been realized in a form of a frequency deviation increase with the help of the carrier frequency increase. In this way, the height measurement precision has been established at the value of ±0.75 m. Modern digital processing of a differential frequency cannot increase the accuracy limitation considerably. It can be seen that further increase of the height measurement precision is possible through the method of innovatory processing of so-called height pulses. This paper thoroughly analyzes the laws of height pulse shaping from the differential frequency presented by the number that represents the information about the measured altitude for this purpose. This paper presents the results of the laboratory experimental altitude measurement with the use of a so-called double-channel method. The application of obtained results could contribute to the increase of air traffic safety, mainly in the phase of the aircraft approaching for landing and landing itself.

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The Distinction between [P] and [S]

10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Galen Strawson

Keyword(s):

Personal Identity ◽

Radical Change ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States

Sociology of Islam ◽

10.1163/22131418-00604004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 401-428

Author(s):

Miriam R. Lowi

Keyword(s):

Religious Affiliation ◽

Protective Role ◽

The Other ◽

National Project ◽

Scholarly Literature ◽

National Community ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of

Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’

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Charge-Transfer Dipoles at the Si-SiO2 Interface and the Metal-Semiconductor Worfunction Difference In Mos Devices.

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-105-265 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hisham Z. Massoud

Keyword(s):

Dipole Moment ◽

Charge Transfer ◽

Dipole Moments ◽

Silicon Substrates ◽

Interface Dipole ◽

Mos Devices ◽

Flatband Voltage ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Mos Structures

AbstractThe magnitude of the dipole moment at the Si-SiO2 interface resulting from partial charge transfer that takes place upon the formation of interface bonds has been calculated. The charge transfer occurs because of the difference in electronegativity between silicon atoms and SiO2 molecules which are present across the interface. Results obtained for (100) and (111) silicon substrates indicate that the magnitude of the interface dipole moment is dependent on substrate orientation and the interface chemistry. Dipole moments at the Si-SiO2 and gate-SiO2 interfaces should be included in the definition of the flatband voltage VFB of MOS structures. CV-based measurements of the metal-semiconductor workfunction difference φms on (100) and (111) silicon oxidized in dry oxygen and metallized with Al agree with the predictions of this model. Other types of interface dipoles and their processing dependence are briefly discussed.

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The Structure of n Harmonic Points and Generalization of Desargues’ Theorems

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9091018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1018

Author(s):

Xhevdet Thaqi ◽

Ekrem Aljimi

Keyword(s):

Fourth Harmonic ◽

New Findings ◽

Rank 2 ◽

Definition Of ◽

Special Case

: In this paper, we consider the relation of more than four harmonic points in a line. For this purpose, starting from the dependence of the harmonic points, Desargues’ theorems, and perspectivity, we note that it is necessary to conduct a generalization of the Desargues’ theorems for projective complete n-points, which are used to implement the definition of the generalization of harmonic points. We present new findings regarding the uniquely determined and constructed sets of H-points and their structure. The well-known fourth harmonic points represent the special case (n = 4) of the sets of H-points of rank 2, which is indicated by P42.

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Neural network processing of radar scanning data array

Neurocomputers ◽

10.18127/j19998554-202104-02 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

V.E. Dmitriyev ◽

D.V. Popov ◽

V.A. Shakhnov

Keyword(s):

Spatial Perception ◽

Digital Processing ◽

Radar Data ◽

Information Value ◽

Data Array ◽

Additional Information ◽

Distribution Of Values ◽

The Difference ◽

Radar Data Processing ◽

Made In

This article deals with the digital processing of a matrix radar image. The information received from the radar scanner needs to be transformed to enable visual perception. The article describes the main methods of digital processing of matrix data, presents the images transformed by them. The aim of the article was the development of a radar data processing algorithm that identifies the contours and edges of examined objects. The authors propose an algorithm for isolating the geometric structure of the scanned area. The difference between the processing method and the known analogues is based on the nature of the change in the values of the array being processed and consists in the double operation of extracting the gradient of the distribution of values. The software implementation of the algorithm is made in C++ using methods from an open library of computer vision. The efficiency of the algorithm was estimated based on comparison with the algorithms for determining edges based on linear filtering and neural networks. The results of the work can be used to create software for mobile short-range radar devices. Imaging from object boundaries and their edges provides spatial perception of the image by the operator, and free areas are available for rendering additional information. This solution allows you to combine scanning devices and thereby increase the information value of the result.

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India-2021: Middle class in pandemic conditions

Азия и Африка сегодня ◽

10.31857/s032150750016839-4 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Elena A. Bragina

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Middle Class ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Population Group ◽

Special Significance ◽

Statistical Estimates ◽

National Characteristics ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Sociological Studies

The article analyzes the conditions for the formation of the middle class in India. Shown is its important balancing role in the politics and economy of the country. The nature of the definition of "middle class", its special significance in developing countries is considered. Due to the difference in the applied criterion - the initial unit of account (employee, family, population group), due to the weakness of statistical services, the results of sociological studies, statistical estimates of the size of the middle class are often approximate. The work shows that the official and infor-mal (shadow) parts of the middle class coexist in the economies of developing countries in parallel. The pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of the Indian middle class is taken into account. The article examines the national characteristics of the formation of the middle class inherent in India. Due to the unclear definition of the criteria, the inconsistency of its assessments, the insufficient level of work of statistical organizations, information on the size of the middle class is inaccurate (according to various estimates, about 210-360 million people). Attention is paid to the formation of the rural middle class in India, rural residents make up a significant part of it (estimated at 48-66%).The forecast of the recovery of the Indian middle class ispresented. It is assumed that its quantitative growth, which was observed before the pandemic, and a gradual increase in influence will continue and will allow in the future. The topic is relevant, in demand by the Russian reader.

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Low P50 in deer mice native to high altitude

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.58.1.193 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 193-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

L. R. Snyder

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Deer Mice ◽

Hypoxic Stress ◽

Hemoglobin Saturation ◽

Partial Pressures ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Low Altitude ◽

The Difference

Whereas it is widely believed that animals native to high altitude show lower O2 partial pressures at 50% hemoglobin saturation (P50) than do related animals native to low altitude, that “fact” has not been well documented. Consequently, P50 at pH 7.4, PCO2(7.4), the CO2 Bohr effect, and the buffer slope (delta log PCO2/delta pH) were determined via the mixing technique in Peromyscus maniculatus native to a range of altitudes but acclimated to 340 or 3,800 m. PCO2(7.4) and buffer slope were substantially lower at high altitude. The change in P50(7.4) between acclimation altitudes was minimal (0.8% increase at 3,800 m), because of counterbalancing changes in PCO2, 2,3-diphospho-D-glycerate concentration, and perhaps other factors. At both acclimation altitudes there was a highly significant negative correlation between P50(7.4) and native altitude. Since pH in vivo probably increases slightly at high altitude, the data on P50 corrected to pH 7.4 are probably underestimates of the difference in in vivo P50 at low vs. high altitude. Hence these results corroborate theoretical predictions that low P50 is advantageous under severe hypoxic stress.

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PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI DESA PAKRAMAN PADANGTEGAL KECAMATAN UBUD KABUPATEN GIANYAR

ECOTROPHIC Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) ◽

10.24843/ejes.2019.v13.i02.p08 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

I Putu Juniartha ◽

Made Antara ◽

I Made Sudarma

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Public Perception ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Management Process ◽

Glass Waste ◽

The People ◽

The Difference ◽

The Government ◽

Inorganic Waste ◽

Definition Of

The results of this study indicate: (1) Characteristics of waste in Pakraman Padangtegal Village consisted of 83.88% organic waste, 7.24% plastic waste, 4.42% paper waste, 2.22% bottle waste, glass waste at 1.28% and metal waste at 0.96%; (2) public perception in waste management in Pakraman Village, Padangtegal that most of the people in Pakraman Village, Padangtegal, already know about the definition of waste and the danger of waste if it is not managed properly. Besides that the community also knows the difference between organic and inorganic waste so that the process of sorting waste in the place provided can run well, and the community's perception of waste management services has gone well with the transportation of waste twice a day; (3) the participation of the Pakraman Padangtegal Village community in waste management has played a role in various stages of waste management, starting from the sorting, garbage collection and garbage disposal, which complies with waste regulations and maintains the quality of the environment in Padangtegal Pakraman Village. The participation of the tourism industry in the process of waste management in Pakraman Village, Padangtegal, can be seen as being involved in the process of sorting waste and paying monthly fees and waste fees. The community participation in the waste management process is to help the government to socialize the waste management process by carrying out waste collection activities every week and provide a place for the waste management process. Suggestions in this study are that waste managers will immediately add facilities and infrastructure for waste transportation and accelerate the expansion of waste management in the village of Pakraman Padangtegal. Keywords: Waste Management System, Pakraman Village

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