scholarly journals Optical Camera Communications: Principles, Modulations, Potential and Challenges

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Willy Anugrah Cahyadi ◽  
Yeon Ho Chung ◽  
Zabih Ghassemlooy ◽  
Navid Bani Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Visible Light Communications ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Optical Wireless Communications ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technical Issues

Optical wireless communications (OWC) are emerging as cost-effective and practical solutions to the congested radio frequency-based wireless technologies. As part of OWC, optical camera communications (OCC) have become very attractive, considering recent developments in cameras and the use of fitted cameras in smart devices. OCC together with visible light communications (VLC) is considered within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization. OCCs based on both organic and inorganic light sources as well as cameras are being considered for low-rate transmissions and localization in indoor as well as outdoor short-range applications and within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization together with VLC. This paper introduces the underlying principles of OCC and gives a comprehensive overview of this emerging technology with recent standardization activities in OCC. It also outlines the key technical issues such as mobility, coverage, interference, performance enhancement, etc. Future research directions and open issues are also presented.

Layered Ternary and Quaternary Transition Metal Chalcogenide Based Catalysts for Water Splitting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand P. Tiwari ◽  
Travis G. Novak ◽  
Xiuming Bu ◽  
Johnny C. Ho ◽  
Seokwoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metal Chalcogenides ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Electrochemical Water Splitting

Water splitting plays an important role in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conversion of energy devices. Electrochemical water splitting by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a straightforward route to produce hydrogen (H2), which requires an efficient electrocatalysts to minimize energy consumption. Recent advances have created a rapid rise in new electrocatalysts, particularly those based on non-precious metals. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent developments of ternary and quaternary 6d-group transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) based electrocatalysts for water splitting, especially for HER. Detailed discussion is organized from binary to quaternary TMCs including, surface engineering, heterostructures, chalcogen substitutions, and hierarchically structural design in TMCs. Moreover, emphasis is placed on future research scope and important challenges facing these electrocatalysts for further development in their performance towards water splitting.  

scholarly journals Layered Ternary and Quaternary Transition Metal Chalcogenide Based Catalysts for Water Splitting

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Tiwari ◽  
Travis Novak ◽  
Xiuming Bu ◽  
Johnny Ho ◽  
Seokwoo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metal Chalcogenides ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Electrochemical Water Splitting

Water splitting plays an important role in the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conversion of energy devices. Electrochemical water splitting by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a straightforward route to producing hydrogen (H2), which requires an efficient electrocatalyst to minimize energy consumption. Recent advances have created a rapid rise in new electrocatalysts, particularly those based on non-precious metals. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent developments of ternary and quaternary 6d-group transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) based electrocatalysts for water splitting, especially for HER. Detailed discussion is organized from binary to quaternary TMCs including, surface engineering, heterostructures, chalcogen substitutions and hierarchically structural design in TMCs. Moreover, emphasis is placed on future research scope and important challenges facing these electrocatalysts for further development in their performance towards water splitting.

scholarly journals Real-Time Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8802
Author(s):  
Ilias Papadeas ◽  
Lazaros Tsochatzidis ◽  
Angelos Amanatiadis ◽  
Ioannis Pratikakis
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Semantic Image Segmentation ◽  
Recent Developments

Semantic image segmentation for autonomous driving is a challenging task due to its requirement for both effectiveness and efficiency. Recent developments in deep learning have demonstrated important performance boosting in terms of accuracy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art semantic image segmentation methods using deep-learning techniques aiming to operate in real time so that can efficiently support an autonomous driving scenario. To this end, the presented overview puts a particular emphasis on the presentation of all those approaches which permit inference time reduction, while an analysis of the existing methods is addressed by taking into account their end-to-end functionality, as well as a comparative study that relies upon a consistent evaluation framework. Finally, a fruitful discussion is presented that provides key insights for the current trend and future research directions in real-time semantic image segmentation with deep learning for autonomous driving.

scholarly journals A Review of Methane Gas Detection Sensors: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahani Aldhafeeri ◽  
Manh-Kien Tran ◽  
Reid Vrolyk ◽  
Michael Pope ◽  
Michael Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Developments

Methane, the primary component of natural gas, is a significant contributor to global warming and climate change. It is a harmful greenhouse gas with an impact 28 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Preventing methane leakage from transmission pipelines and other oil and gas production activities is a possible solution to reduce methane emissions. In order to detect and resolve methane leaks, reliable and cost-effective sensors need to be researched and developed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of methane detection sensors, including optical sensors, calorimetric sensors, pyroelectric sensors, semiconducting oxide sensors, and electrochemical sensors. The discussed material includes the definitions, mechanisms and recent developments of these sensors. A comparison between different methods, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented to help address future research needs.

scholarly journals Optimal Planning of Remote Area Electricity Supply Systems: Comprehensive Review, Recent Developments and Future Scopes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5900
Author(s):  
Rahmat Khezri ◽  
Amin Mahmoudi ◽  
Hirohisa Aki ◽  
S. M. Muyeen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Remote Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Optimal Planning ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Recent Developments

Optimal planning of a remote area electricity supply (RAES) system is a vital challenge to achieve a reliable, clean, and cost-effective system. Various components like diesel generators, renewable energy sources, and energy storage systems are used for RAES systems. Due to the different characteristics and economic features of each component, optimal planning of RAES systems is a challengeable task. This paper presents an overview of the optimal planning procedure for RAES systems by considering the important components, parameters, methods, and data. A timely review on the state of the art is presented and the applied objective functions, design constraints, system components, and optimization algorithms are specified for the existing studies. The existing challenges for RAES systems’ planning are recognized and discussed. Recent trends and developments on the planning problem are explained in detail. Eventually, this review paper gives recommendations for future research to explore the optimal planning of components in RAES systems.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

3D Printing in Pharmaceuticals: Regulatory Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (42) ◽  
pp. 5081-5083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. A. Mirza ◽  
Zeenat Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Regulatory Perspective ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technical Issues

Background: The last few decades have witnessed enormous advancements in the field of Pharmaceutical drug, design and delivery. One of the recent developments is the advent of 3DP technology. It has earlier been successfully employed in fields like aerospace, architecture, tissue engineering, biomedical research, medical device and others, has recently forayed into the pharmaceutical industry.Commonly understood as an additive manufacturing technology, 3DP aims at delivering customized drug products and is the most acceptable form of“personalized medicine”. Methods: Data bases and search engines of regulatory agencies like USFDA and EMA have been searched thoroughly for relevant guidelines and approved products. Other portals like PubMed and Google Scholar were also ferreted for any relevant repository of publications are referred to wherever required. Results: So far only one pharmaceutical product has been approved in this category by USFDA and stringent regulatory agencies are working over the drafting of guidelines and technical issues. Major research of this category belongs to the academic domain. Conclusion: It is also implicit to such new technologies that there would be numerous challenges and doubts before these are accepted as safe and efficacious. The situation demands concerted and cautious efforts to bring in foolproof regulatory guidelines which would ultimately lead to the success of this revolutionary technology.

Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Boland ◽  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage “check the box” behavior. Future research should examine the impact of mandatory existence disclosure rules in the year that the regulation is implemented. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.

The Future of Plasma-Based Surface Engineering Techniques in Tribology (Keynote)

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Matthews ◽  
Adrian Leyland
Keyword(s):  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Macro Scale

Over the past twenty years or so, there have been major steps forward both in the understanding of tribological mechanisms and in the development of new coating and treatment techniques to better “engineer” surfaces to achieve reductions in wear and friction. Particularly in the coatings tribology field, improved techniques and theories which enable us to study and understand the mechanisms occurring at the “nano”, “micro” and “macro” scale have allowed considerable progress to be made in (for example) understanding contact mechanisms and the influence of “third bodies” [1–5]. Over the same period, we have seen the emergence of the discipline which we now call “Surface Engineering”, by which, ideally, a bulk material (the ‘substrate’) and a coating are combined in a way that provides a cost-effective performance enhancement of which neither would be capable without the presence of the other. It is probably fair to say that the emergence and recognition of Surface Engineering as a field in its own right has been driven largely by the availability of “plasma”-based coating and treatment processes, which can provide surface properties which were previously unachievable. In particular, plasma-assisted (PA) physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques, allowing wear-resistant ceramic thin films such as titanium nitride (TiN) to be deposited on a wide range of industrial tooling, gave a step-change in industrial productivity and manufactured product quality, and caught the attention of engineers due to the remarkable cost savings and performance improvements obtained. Subsequently, so-called 2nd- and 3rd-generation ceramic coatings (with multilayered or nanocomposite structures) have recently been developed [6–9], to further extend tool performance — the objective typically being to increase coating hardness further, or extend hardness capabilities to higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Estimating Copy-Number Proportions: The Comeback of Sanger Sequencing

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Eyal Seroussi
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Cytosine Methylation ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Recent Developments

Determination of the relative copy numbers of mixed molecular species in nucleic acid samples is often the objective of biological experiments, including Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), indel and gene copy-number characterization, and quantification of CRISPR-Cas9 base editing, cytosine methylation, and RNA editing. Standard dye-terminator chromatograms are a widely accessible, cost-effective information source from which copy-number proportions can be inferred. However, the rate of incorporation of dye terminators is dependent on the dye type, the adjacent sequence string, and the secondary structure of the sequenced strand. These variable rates complicate inferences and have driven scientists to resort to complex and costly quantification methods. Because these complex methods introduce their own biases, researchers are rethinking whether rectifying distortions in sequencing trace files and using direct sequencing for quantification will enable comparable accurate assessment. Indeed, recent developments in software tools (e.g., TIDE, ICE, EditR, BEEP and BEAT) indicate that quantification based on direct Sanger sequencing is gaining in scientific acceptance. This commentary reviews the common obstacles in quantification and the latest insights and developments relevant to estimating copy-number proportions based on direct Sanger sequencing, concluding that bidirectional sequencing and sophisticated base calling are the keys to identifying and avoiding sequence distortions.

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