scholarly journals Sensing Occupancy through Software: Smart Parking Proof of Concept

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2207
Author(s):  
Lea Dujić Rodić ◽  
Toni Perković ◽  
Tomislav Županović ◽  
Petar Šolić
Keyword(s):  
Signal Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Receiver Side ◽  
Strength Change ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Presence Data ◽  
Processing Signal ◽  
Smart Parking ◽  
The Given

In order to detect the vehicle presence in parking slots, different approaches have been utilized, which range from image recognition to sensing via detection nodes. The last one is usually based on getting the presence data from one or more sensors (commonly magnetic or IR-based), controlled and processed by a micro-controller that sends the data through radio interface. Consequently, given nodes have multiple components, adequate software is required for its control and state-machine to communicate its status to the receiver. This paper presents an alternative, cost-effective beacon-based mechanism for sensing the vehicle presence. It is based on the well-known effect that, once the metallic obstacle (i.e., vehicle) is on top of the sensing node, the signal strength will be attenuated, while the same shall be recognized at the receiver side. Therefore, the signal strength change conveys the information regarding the presence. Algorithms processing signal strength change at the receiver side to estimate the presence are required due to the stochastic nature of signal strength parameters. In order to prove the concept, experimental setup based on LoRa-based parking sensors was used to gather occupancy/signal strength data. In order to extract the information of presence, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was employed with accuracy of up to 96%, while the Neural Network (NN) approach reaches an accuracy of up to 97%. The given approach reduces the costs of the sensor production by at least 50%.

scholarly journals Machine Learning and Soil Humidity Sensing: Signal Strength Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Lea Dujić Rodić ◽  
Tomislav Županović ◽  
Toni Perković ◽  
Petar Šolić ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Soil Humidity ◽  
Humidity Sensing ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Ubiquitous And Pervasive Computing ◽  
The Given

The Internet-of-Things vision of ubiquitous and pervasive computing gives rise to future smart irrigation systems comprising the physical and digital worlds. A smart irrigation ecosystem combined with Machine Learning can provide solutions that successfully solve the soil humidity sensing task in order to ensure optimal water usage. Existing solutions are based on data received from the power hungry/expensive sensors that are transmitting the sensed data over the wireless channel. Over time, the systems become difficult to maintain, especially in remote areas due to the battery replacement issues with a large number of devices. Therefore, a novel solution must provide an alternative, cost- and energy-effective device that has unique advantage over the existing solutions. This work explores the concept of a novel, low-power, LoRa-based, cost-effective system that achieves humidity sensing using Deep Learning techniques that can be employed to sense soil humidity with high accuracy simply by measuring the signal strength of the given underground beacon device.

scholarly journals Application of Stochastic Process in Signal Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
N John Britto
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Signal Processing ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Basic Result ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Intermediate Node ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Processing Signal

In this paper introduction about birth and death Poisson process basic result of the markovian application in queuing theory used in signal processing, signal transfer from some to passion based on the intermediate node, each intermediate node are transformed from signal strength S is directly proportional to 1/√p based on the formula using the internal communication a dependent can be characterised by the Gilbert model. Two state Markov model signals, distance when signal strength is greater the distance should be reduced. Bayesian inference is used, few numerical examples are studied.

scholarly journals A Framework for the Selection of Optimum Offshore Wind Farm Locations for Deployment

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varvara Mytilinou ◽  
Estivaliz Lozano-Minguez ◽  
Athanasios Kolios
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Moray Firth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Given ◽  
Nondominated Sorting

This research develops a framework to assist wind energy developers to select the optimum deployment site of a wind farm by considering the Round 3 available zones in the UK. The framework includes optimization techniques, decision-making methods and experts’ input in order to support investment decisions. Further, techno-economic evaluation, life cycle costing (LCC) and physical aspects for each location are considered along with experts’ opinions to provide deeper insight into the decision-making process. A process on the criteria selection is also presented and seven conflicting criteria are being considered for implementation in the technique for the order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method in order to suggest the optimum location that was produced by the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII). For the given inputs, Seagreen Alpha, near the Isle of May, was found to be the most probable solution, followed by Moray Firth Eastern Development Area 1, near Wick, which demonstrates by example the effectiveness of the newly introduced framework that is also transferable and generic. The outcomes are expected to help stakeholders and decision makers to make better informed and cost-effective decisions under uncertainty when investing in offshore wind energy in the UK.

scholarly journals Development of a Sanitation Safety Plan for improving the sanitation system in peri-urban areas of Iringa, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Domini ◽  
G. Langergraber ◽  
L. Rondi ◽  
S. Sorlini ◽  
S. Maswaga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
First Results ◽  
Assessment Matrix ◽  
Planning Methodology ◽  
The Given

The Sanitation Safety Planning methodology is implemented within a cooperation project in Iringa, Tanzania. The study presents the methodology and its adaptation and use for the given context, in order to assess risks and to support stakeholders in improving the current sanitation system and validate the design of an improved one. First results of the application of the methodology, obtained in one of the four peri-urban wards of Iringa, demonstrated its efficacy and utility in prioritising risks and identifying cost-effective control measures. Risks were assessed by the use of a semi-quantitative approach, and a simplified risk assessment matrix was developed for the case study. A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate criteria for prioritising control measures to be selected for the development of an achievable improvement plan.

scholarly journals Design Space Exploration for YOLO Neural Network Accelerator

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1921
Author(s):  
Hongmin Huang ◽  
Zihao Liu ◽  
Taosheng Chen ◽  
Xianghong Hu ◽  
Qiming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Design Space Exploration ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Memory Bandwidth ◽  
Block Transmission ◽  
Transmission Strategy ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Given

The You Only Look Once (YOLO) neural network has great advantages and extensive applications in computer vision. The convolutional layers are the most important part of the neural network and take up most of the computation time. Improving the efficiency of the convolution operations can greatly increase the speed of the neural network. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been widely used in accelerators for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) thanks to their configurability and parallel computing. This paper proposes a design space exploration for the YOLO neural network based on FPGA. A data block transmission strategy is proposed and a multiply and accumulate (MAC) design, which consists of two 14 × 14 processing element (PE) matrices, is designed. The PE matrices are configurable for different CNNs according to the given required functions. In order to take full advantage of the limited logical resources and the memory bandwidth on the given FPGA device and to simultaneously achieve the best performance, an improved roofline model is used to evaluate the hardware design to balance the computing throughput and the memory bandwidth requirement. The accelerator achieves 41.99 giga operations per second (GOPS) and consumes 7.50 W running at the frequency of 100 MHz on the Xilinx ZC706 board.

scholarly journals Static and Dynamic Analysis of Seasonal Tilt Solar Module Mounting Structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 953-964
Author(s):  
Harsh V. Chudasama ◽  
Vishalkumar B. Patel ◽  
Dr. Vishal A. Arekar ◽  
Ashish Vajir
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wind Pressure ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Static And Dynamic Analysis ◽  
The Given

This paper highlights the concept of a ground-mounted solar PV plant. It deals with the ground-mounted solar photovoltaic design, and development using numerical analysis under static and dynamic conditions. Ground-mounted solar components are made up of steel shows superior performance and is cost-effective. CFD analysis is executed on the structure of the study for flow and assessment of wind pressure on the developed model using Indian environmental conditions. The CFD results have been compared and validated h the analytical calculations obtained through IS 875 codes part 3 for wind pressure. Structural FE analysis is carried out to ensure structural stability for the given hazardous environmental conditions like wind load. Also, modal analysis is carried out to study the effect of dynamic loading.

scholarly journals Implementation and Analysis of a Smart Team Management System Using iOS Devices As iBeacon

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Sindhumol S
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Team Management ◽  
Peer Communication ◽  
Daily Task ◽  
And Task

<p class="0abstract">A cost-effective smart team management system using iOS devices as iBeacon for better task monitoring and presence detection is proposed in this work. It is designed to maximum utilize the proximity information offered by iOS devices through iBeacon integration. In addition to this positioning service, iOS core location framework, geofencing and push notifications features are also included in this work, to create a productive environment in an organization. Along with the employee tracking and task monitoring features, the proposed application provides the typical project management services like task allocation and notification, instant chat, status report, and employee log. On entering the iBeacon range, daily task details and announcements from all associated teams will be available in team member devices. The system is connected to a server for productive team management, and peer to peer communication is utilized for instant exchange of information. An experimental evaluation to study the effect of interference, obstacles, and measured power on received signal strength and accuracy of the proposed iBeacon is also conducted. The observed results positively recommend the proposed app as an efficient iBeacon application for project management.</p>

scholarly journals A Math Approach with Brief Cases towards Reducing Computational and Time Complexity in the Industrial Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Matviychuk ◽  
Tomáš Peráček ◽  
Natalya Shakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Time Complexity ◽  
Order Reduction ◽  
Parametric Identification ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Model Order ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
The Given

The paper proposes a new principle of finding and removing elements of mathematical model, redundant in terms of parametric identification of the model. It allows reducing computational and time complexity of the applications built on the model. Especially this is important for AI based systems, systems based on IoT solutions, distributed systems etc. Besides, the complexity reduction allows increasing an accuracy of mathematical models implemented. Despite the model order reduction methods are well known, they are extremely depended however on the problem area. Thus, proposed reduction principles can be used in different areas, what is demonstrated in this paper. The proposed method for the reduction of mathematical models of dynamic systems allows also the assessment of the requirements for the parameters of the simulator elements to ensure the specified accuracy of dynamic similarity. Efficiency of the principle is shown on the ordinary differential equations and on the neural network model. The given examples demonstrate efficient normalizing properties of the reduction principle for the mathematical models in the form of neural networks.

scholarly journals An A pproach to Smart Parking A lgorithm using a nt Colony Optimization and Decision Tree Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Ankita Yadav ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Arif ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Parking Management ◽  
Smart Parking ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Result Analysis

This research is conducted in order to deal with the main problem of traffic congestion and road accidents that is basically caused because of the improper parking management. . Hence, it is important that cities have a well-managed parking system. In the past various researches has been done to design a suitable smart paring algorithm. However, each research had their own pros and cons. Our research leads to a smart algorithm that is secure and is convenient enough to develop a system that can be manage the available slots and can notify the users about the available parking slot beforehand to the client. The result analysis clearly shows that the algorithm proposed and designed is more accurate than other algorithms used in the past. The proposed algorithm is designed using ACO, decision tree, and GPS mapping. The idea of working on this research was to provide a solution that is cost effective, helps people on large scale and maintains the laws and order.

scholarly journals Neural Network Based of a New User IP Address Determination and Address Conflict Elimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Raid W. Daoud
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Ip Address ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Given ◽  
User Device ◽  
Good Manner

In this paper, the neural network (NN) is used to control the remote IP address that related to user device. When the IP address assigned carefully and controlled by a novel tool, the work performance and service quality will be better. The input for the NN determined depending on the repeated problem in recent networks and the available parameters which are in the main server node. The training process done by determining the required training function and activation function for all neurons in the NN. The performance of the proposed method was (1*10-20) or less in more cases and the error of the learning process is nearly (1*10-6). In addition to IP address control, the proposed method is a good manner to optimize the security issue by specializing an IP address for a given user that can't be used by other device. Finally, the NN subject the produced IP address for the given users for test and validation which reached to the goal at smallest time (~0.0001s) and little number of iteration (9 - 20) epoch.

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