scholarly journals Analysis and Sizing of Power Distribution Architectures Applied to Fuel Cell Based Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Raga ◽  
Andres Barrado ◽  
Henry Miniguano ◽  
Antonio Lazaro ◽  
Isabel Quesada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Secondary Energy ◽  
Vehicle Load ◽  
Mass Volume

The fuel cell based vehicles powertrain is an extensive system that comprises a fuel cell (FC) as the primary energy source, a set of power converters both unidirectional and bidirectional and batteries or supercapacitors as secondary energy sources. Its design is a complex task that affects the mass, volume, cost, efficiency and fuel economy of the vehicle. This paper describes a graphic and straightforward sizing of the secondary energy sources needed to fulfil the vehicle load requirements, as well as the set of equations related to the mass, cost and volume of each one of the power distribution subsystems. Moreover, this paper analysis ten different power distribution architectures to conclude which is the most suitable secondary energy source, the minimum sizing, cost, volume and weight, depending on the amount of power delivered by the fuel cell. Also, a 1.6 kW fuel cell based architecture is implemented and testing. The experimental results confirm the proposed methodology.

scholarly journals Utilizing Sewage Wastewater Heat in District Heating Systems in Serbia - Effects on Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Živković ◽  
Dejan Ivezic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
District Heating Systems ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Abstract Transformation of the heating sector is recognized as being essential for ensuring reliable and affordable energy services provided with reduced consumption of energy sources, diminished impact on the environment and less import dependency. The possibility of utilizing energy sources that otherwise would be wasted needs to be considered and treated as a big advantage of district heating systems. Despite many advantages, sewage wastewater heat is still a mostly unused resource at the global level and a totally unused energy source in Serbia, while data about the potential of this energy source are lacking. This research proposes a methodology for the determination of the technical potential of waste heat from wastewater treatment facilities for use in district heating systems by heat pump application. Data from existing wastewater treatment facilities are used for providing data for replication in cities without wastewater treatment plants but with district heating systems. An estimation of the recoverable heat energy potential of wastewater is used for evaluation of some effects that could be obtained through its full utilization for heat production in the existing district heating systems. Three groups of indicators are selected for analysis focusing on district heating systems' energy performance (primary energy factor, specific heat consumption per degree day and heating area), the security of energy supply (import dependency, Shannon Wiener diversification index, the share of renewables) and environmental impact (carbon dioxide emission coefficient). Values of the selected indicators are determined for the current state of district heating systems and for the possible future state that could be achieved after full utilization of sewage wastewater potential. The proposed methodology is applied to Serbia, as a case study. It has been shown that all analyzed indicators for the projected future would have more preferable values compared to the values that correspond to the current state of the district heating systems. The use of this renewable energy source should provide primary energy savings of 5% per year, reduction of carbon dioxide emission of 6.5% per year, reduction of import dependency of DH systems of 9.8% and improved diversification of energy sources of 21%.

scholarly journals Influence of the Main Design Factors on the Optimal Fuel Cell-Based Powertrain Sizing

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Raga ◽  
Andres Barrado ◽  
Antonio Lazaro ◽  
Alberto Martin-Lozano ◽  
Isabel Quesada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Charge Variation ◽  
Optimal Power ◽  
Battery Technology ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Powertrain Design

The design of the optimal power distribution system (PDS or powertrain) for fuel cell-based vehicles is a complex task due to PDS comprising one or more power converters, several types of secondary energy sources, a fuel cell, several control loops, and protections, among others. The optimized powertrain design tries to minimize the mass, volume, and cost, and also to improve system efficiency, fuel economy (both hydrogen and electricity), and vehicle autonomy. This paper analyzes the influence of four different factors that deeply affect the optimal powertrain design, in particular: the minimum power delivered by the fuel cell, the storage of the recovered energy from the regenerative braking periods, the battery technology, and the maximum battery state-of-charge variation. The analysis of these factors is carried out over a set of 9 different fuel cell-based architectures applied to a light vehicle, and a 10th architecture corresponding to a pure electric vehicle. This analysis provides the knowledge of how these design factors affect the mass, volume, and cost of the optimal power distribution architectures, and how they can be considered in the design.

The Science and Technology of Al-Ga Alloys as a Material for Energy Storage, Transport and Splitting Water

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Woodall ◽  
Jeffrey Ziebarth ◽  
Charles R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Splitting Water

Currently, there is much public discussion about the realization of a hydrogen economy as a viable alternative for future large-scale energy sources. Hydrogen as an energy source has several compelling features. For example, its gravimetric energy density is three times that of oil, its combustion and fuel cell product is usually water and, hence, does not leave a carbon footprint, and its abundance, as water is plentiful.

scholarly journals International Comparison and Trend of Emissions in the Transport Sector in the European Union and Slovakia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Tomáš Čechovič ◽  
Martin Kendra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Transport and its major part of transport means is currently based on the internal combustion engine principle. For these engines, the primary energy source is oil, natural gas, coal, biomass and others. These primary energy sources and their processing in refineries and factories are used to produce products that are used to drive engines - fuels. From what energy sources these fuels will be produced and what technology will be used to process and produce them is also an important. This whole process must take the reduction of total emissions into account. Future fuels can be considered synthetically produced diesel or hydrogen, which can later significantly affect the decrease in emissions from their processing, production and subsequent combustion of these more environmentally friendly types of fuels. This article processes analyses and development of basic pollutants, total emissions and energy consumption in the Slovak Republic and the EU. In the second part there is an evaluation of the emissions trend development in transport in the EU and Slovakia.

scholarly journals Implementation of Automatic Transfer Switch on the Solar Home System at the Goat Farm Houses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Anna Nur Nazilah Chamim ◽  
Agil Peggy Irawan ◽  
Ramadoni Syahputra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Cage Complex ◽  
Goat Farm ◽  
Solar Home System

In Pirak Mertosutan Hamlet, Sleman, Yogyakarta, there is a goat farm complex with about 600 m2. The intricate lighting comes from the National Electricity Company (PLN) and the Solar Home System (SHS). SHS is the primary energy source for lighting, while PLN is a secondary energy source that replaces it when the power supply from SHS goes out. So far, the transfer from SHS to PLN has been carried out by humans. This fact is considered inefficient because the SHS supply does not always die during the day. At night, the officers who move the difficulties have to go to the cage complex located relatively far from residential areas. To facilitate the transfer of energy sources from SHS to PLN and vice versa. It does not need to be done by officers. It is necessary to automatically install a means to automatically move the two sources automatically. This tool is the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). This tool can move the energy supply from SHS to PLN and vice versa. By considering the specifications used in the SHS in the farm complex, the ATS is made and then installed in the farm complex. After the installation is carried out, the functional test is carried out. The ATS installation test results show that the ATS can work according to the design; namely, when the SHS is off, the source used is automatically switched to PLN. When the SHS is on, the source that was using PLN will automatically switch to SHS.

Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kreith ◽  
Ronald E. West
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Nuclear Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Renewable Technology

This article presents a critical analysis of all the major pathways to produce hydrogen and to utilize it as an energy carrier to generate heat or electricity. The approach taken is to make a cradle to grave analysis, including the production of hydrogen, the conversion of hydrogen to heat or electricity, and, finally, the utilization of that heat or electricity for a useful purpose. This methodology shows that no currently available hydrogen pathway, irrespective of whether it uses fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, or renewable technology as the primary energy source to generate electricity or heat is as efficient as using the electric power or heat from any of these sources directly. Furthermore, electric vehicles using batteries to store electricity are shown to be more efficient and less polluting than fuel cell powered vehicles using energy stored in hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water.

scholarly journals Adaptive Second Order Sliding Mode Control of a Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Electric Vehicle Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxing Liu ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Bo Geng ◽  
Bing Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Second Order Sliding Mode

We present an adaptive-gain second order sliding mode (SOSM) control applied to a hybrid power system for electric vehicle applications. The main advantage of the adaptive SOSM is that it does not require the upper bound of the uncertainty. The proposed hybrid system consists of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a unidirectional DC/DC converter and a Li-ion battery stack with a bidirectional DC/DC converter, where the PEMFC is employed as the primary energy source and the battery is employed as the second energy source. One of the main limitations of the FC is its slow dynamics mainly due to the air-feed system and fuel-delivery system. Fuel starvation phenomenon will occur during fast load demand. Therefore, the second energy source is required to assist the main source to improve system perofrmance. The proposed energy management system contains two cascade control structures, which are used to regulate the fuel cell and battery currents to track the given reference currents and stabilize the DC bus voltage while satisfying the physical limitations. The proposed control strategy is evaluated for two real driving cycles, that is, Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET).

scholarly journals Advanced Green Technologies Toward Future Sustainable Energy Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Secondary Energy ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Energy

Currently, the usable energy is basically harvested from the fossil energy sources, including coal, oil, and gas, which are believed to harm the environment due to the emitted GHGs. The awareness to the climate change and limited reserve of fossil energy sources has led to a strong motivation to develop a new energy system which can facilitate three important pillars: security, clean environment, and economic opportunity. This future energy system is strongly expected to be able to blend both fossil and renewable energy sources, while minimize its environmental impacts. To realize it, the primary energy sources are converted to the efficient secondary energy sources, including electricity and hydrogen. These two kinds of secondary energy source are considered very promising in the future, following a high demand in many sectors. In transportation sector, both electricity and hydrogen are believed to become the future fuels as the deployment of electric and fuel cell vehicles is increasing rapidly. In this paper, several potential technologies to produce the energy cleanly from primary energy sources are introduced and evaluated. In addition, clean and efficient technologies in storage and utilization are also described.

scholarly journals A Novel Fuel-Cell Electric Articulated Vehicle and Its Drop-and-Pull Transport System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3632
Author(s):  
Yanwei Liu ◽  
Zhenye Li ◽  
Yuzhong Chen ◽  
Kegang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Power Battery ◽  
Capacity Degradation ◽  
Articulated Vehicle

Drop-and-pull transportation can repeatedly utilize tractors with different trailers and reduce costs, carbon emissions, and the number of tractors to purchase and use. Fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV) possess high power and long drive endurance. These performance characteristics complement the performance requirements of drop-and-pull transportation of heavy loads and long mileage. This paper proposes a novel fuel-cell electric articulated vehicle featuring three power sources: fuel cell, power battery, and ultracapacitor. Then, based on the proposed vehicle, we expound on a highly efficient and flexible transport system. To compare economics and durability of fuel-cell electric trailers with two energy sources (i.e., fuel-cell-battery) and three energy sources, we developed and simulated a rule-based energy management strategy under driving conditions. The results indicate that, although similar levels of fuel economy and capacity degradation of the fuel cell occur for the proposed vehicle and its two-energy-source counterpart, the ampere–hour throughput of three-energy-source vehicles was 64% lower than that of two-energy-source vehicles, which indicates the introduction of the ultracapacitor in fuel-cell-battery electric articulated vehicles can offer significant protection to the power battery. This result shows that the three energy sources increase the service life of the energy system.

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