scholarly journals Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 3196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praepilas Dujjanutat ◽  
Arthit Neramittagapong ◽  
Pakawadee Kaewkannetra
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Liquid Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

In this work, hydro-processing was used as an alternative route for producing bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RPO) in the presence of a 0.5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The Box-Behnken Design was used to determine the effects of reaction temperature, H2 pressure, and reaction time in terms of liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on BHK production. The kerosene selectivity was used as the response for staticial interpretation. The results show that both temperature and LHSV produced significant effects, whereas H2 pressure did not. The optimal conditions were found to be 483 °C, 5.0 MPa, and 1.4 h−1 LHSV; these conditions provided approximately 57.30% kerosene selectivity and a 47.46% yield. The BHK product had a good heating value and flash point. However, the mass percentage of carbon and hydrogen was 99.1%, which is just below the minimum standard (99.5%), according to the carbon loss by the reaction pathway to form as CO and CO2. Water can be produced from the reaction induced by oxygen removal, which results in a high freezing point.

Dimethyldisulphide Hydrodesulphurization on NiCoMo / Al2O3 Catalyst

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1496-1500
Author(s):  
Rami Doukeh ◽  
Mihaela Bombos ◽  
Ancuta Trifoi ◽  
Minodora Pasare ◽  
Ionut Banu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Continuous System ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Liquid Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Hydrodesulfurization Process ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst ◽  
Simplified Kinetic Model

Hydrodesulphurization of dimethyldisulphide was performed on Ni-Co-Mo /�-Al2O3 catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by determining the adsorption isotherms, the pore size distribution and the acid strength. Experiments were carried out on a laboratory echipament in continuous system using a fixed bed catalytic reactor at 50-100�C, pressure from 10 barr to 50 barr, the liquid hourly space velocity from 1h-1 to 4h-1 and the molar ratio H2 / dimethyldisulphide 60/1. A simplified kinetic model based on the Langmuir�Hinshelwood theory, for the dimethyldisulphide hydrodesulfurization process of dimethyldisulphide has been proposed. The results show the good accuracy of the model.

scholarly journals Comparative Study Between two Reaction Kinetic Mechanisms of Thiophene Hydrodesulphurization over CoMo /gama - Al2O3 Supported Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2481-2484
Author(s):  
Rami Doukeh ◽  
Mihaela Bombos ◽  
Ion Bolocan
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Reaction Kinetic ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization ◽  
Liquid Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Kinetic Mechanisms ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

The kinetic study of the thiophene hydrodesulphurisation process was carried out for CoMo/gama-Al2O3 catalyst, at temperatures between 175 and 275 �C, pressure ranged from 30bar to 60 bar and the liquid hourly space velocity from 1h-1 to 4 h-1. For the reaction mechanism, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model (LHHW) was used and two kinetic models were proposed: the first model, that considered that H2 is adsorbed on a different type of active center than thiophene and the second model, that considered that the two reactants are adsorbed on the same type of active sites. The values obtained for the average relative error (ARE) and the correlation coefficient between the experimental and the calculated data (R2) indicate that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, describing the adsorption on two active sites, best describes the kinetics of the thiophene hydrodesulfurization reaction over CoMo/gama-Al2O3 tested catalyst.

Molten-Salt Tubular Absorber/Reformer (MoSTAR) Project: Reforming Performance of Reactor Tubes During Intermittent Heating

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Gokon ◽  
Tatsuya Kodama ◽  
Shingo Yamashita ◽  
Tsuyoshi Hatamachi ◽  
Taebeom Seo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Furnace ◽  
Thermal Storage ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Cooling Mode ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Subsequent Heating ◽  
Intermittent Heating ◽  
Concentrated Solar Radiation ◽  
Heating Mode ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

Reforming performances for the double-walled reactor tubes with Na2CO3/MgO composite thermal storage was examined by an intermittent heating. The intermittent heating of the reactor tubes is composed of the heat-discharge (or cooling) mode and the subsequent heating mode. The heat-discharging mode simulates a fluctuating insolation for cloud passages. The heating mode simulates a heating of reactor due to concentrated solar radiation by using an electric furnace. The internal tube of the reactor was packed with the 2wt%Ru/Al2O3 catalyst balls while the thermal storage materials were filled in the annular region of the reactor tubes. The reactor was heated up to 920°C in the cylindrical electric furnace and the CH4/CO2 mixture was fed into the internal catalyst tube at gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 12500 h−1. Through the cooling mode and the subsequent heating mode, temperature variations of reactor tubes, catalyst and composite material, H2/CO ratio variations of effluent gas from the reactor, higher heating value (HHV) power of reformed gas were respectively examined for the double-walled reactor tubes and a single-wall reactor tube without the thermal storage.

scholarly journals Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ansori Ansori
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Box Behnken Design

Energy demand is currently increasing in line with technological and economic developments, but not accompanied by an increase in energy reserves. So we need another alternative energy that can be renewed, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced commercially through the transesterification from vegetable oil with methanol using catalyst that produces esters and glycerol. The formation of glycerol which is by-product can reduce its economic value, so it needs to be done the separation process. Therefore, a new route is proposed in this study, namely the interesterification reaction (non-alcoholic route) using methyl acetate as an alkyl group supplier and potassium methoxide catalyst. The superiority of the product produced by the interesterification reaction is biodiesel with triacetin byproducts which have an economical value and can be added to biodiesel formulations because of their solubility so that no side product separation process is needed. To increase the yield of biodiesel and the interesterification rate, the ultrasound method was used in this study. To optimize the factors that affect the interesterification reaction (molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil, catalyst concentration, temperature, and interesterification time), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used. Optimal operating conditions to produce the yields of biodiesel of 98.64 % are at molar ratio of methyl acetate to palm oil of 18.74, catalyst concentration of 1.24 %, temperature of 57.84 °C, and interesterification time of 12.69 minutes.

The Effect of Zinc Content on n-Pentane Isomerisation Over Zn–S2O82–/ZrO2–Al2O3 Catalyst

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Hua Song ◽  
Shengnan Li ◽  
Hualin Song ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Huapeng Cui
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Content ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

A number of Zn–S2O82–/ZrO2–Al2O3 (Zn( x)–SZA) catalysts with different Zn mass fractions were synthesised and characterised by using X-ray diffraction, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and H2 temperature-programmed reduction. The structure and isomerisation performance of Zn( x)–SZA catalysts were studied using n-pentane as a probe reaction. The results showed that a pure tetragonal ZrO2 phase was formed on Zn( x)–SZA, and the ZrO2 crystallite sizes of the tetragonal phase increased in the order: Zn(0.5)–SZA < Zn(1.0)–SZA < Zn(1.5)–SZA < Zn(2.0)–SZA < SZA. Zn can strengthen the interaction between persulfate ions and the support, promote the formation of stronger acidity, lead to a better dispersion of sulfate ions on the surface, and improve the redox performance of the catalysts. The Zn(1.0)–SZA catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity for n-pentane isomerisation. At a temperature of 170 °C, a reaction pressure of 2.0 MPa, a molar H2/ n-pentane ratio of 4:1, and a weight hourly space velocity of 1.0 h−1, the isopentane yield reached 58.0%.

scholarly journals Properties and Characteristics of Compressed Biofuel Production from Empty Palm Fruit Bunches

2019 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Tanuwat Larptansuphaphol ◽  
Penja Jitjumroonchokchai
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Composition Ratios

Thailand sits in the third place of the global rankings for crude palm oil production with an annual output of approximately 2 million tons/p.a., or 1.2% of the global output. Empty palm fruit bunches is one of residual from palm oil extraction process of Palm Oil industry. The objective of this research was to study properties and characteristics of biofuel made from empty fruit bunches and mixed with black rice hush with various composition ratios of empty palm fruit bunches and black rice husk as 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Only the biofuels with a ratio of 100:0 and 90:10 could be formed to be compressed biofuels. The heating values of biofuels were analyzed by Gallenkamp Autobomb Calorimeter whereas other fuel properties and characteristics were tested and analyzed according to ASTM standards. The comparison results between biofuel from a mixture ratio 100:0 and 90:10 showed that the average of heating value, ash content, carbon content and combustion time (minute per one piece) were 4,672.46 and 4,199.33 cal/g, 21.73% and 29.30%, 12.07% and 16.28%, 92.33 and 63 minutes, respectively.

scholarly journals Supercritical Transesterification of Palm Oil and Hydrated Ethanol in a Fixed Bed Reactor with a CaO/Al2O3 Catalyst

Energies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1062-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruengwit Sawangkeaw ◽  
Pornicha Tejvirat ◽  
Chawalit Ngamcharassrivichai ◽  
Somkiat Ngamprasertsith
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

Hydrogen Production by Bio-Fuel Steam Reforming at Low Reaction Temperature

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Maeda ◽  
Toshio Shinoki ◽  
Jiro Funaki ◽  
Katsuya Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Ethanol Conversion ◽  
Ethanol Steam Reforming ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Low Reaction Temperature ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst ◽  
Ethanol Steam

The authors reveal the dominant chemical reactions and the optimum conditions, supposing the design of ethanol steam-reforming reactors. Specifically speaking, experiments are conducted for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, together with those for Ru/Al2O3 catalyst for reference. Using a household-use-scale reactor with well-controlled temperature distributions, the authors compare experimental results with chemical-equilibrium theories. It has revealed by Shinoki et al. (2011) that the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst shows rather high performance with high hydrogen concentration CH2 at low values of reaction temperature TR. Because, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst promotes the ethanol-steam-reforming and water-gas-shift reactions, but does not promote the methanation reaction. So, in the present study, the authors reveal that the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst needs high TR > 770 K for better performance than the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, and that the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst shows lower performance at TR < 770 K. Then, the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst is considered to activate all the three reactions even at low TR. Furthermore, concerning the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, the authors reveal the influences of liquid-hourly space velocity LHSV upon concentrations such as CH2, CCO2, CCO and CCH4 and the influence of LHSV upon the ethanol conversion XC2H5OH, in a range of LHSV from 0.05 h−1 to 0.8 h−1, at S/C = 3.0 and TR = 520 K. And, the authors reveal the influences of the thermal profile upon CH2, CCO2, CCO, CCH4 and XC2H5OH, for several LHSV’s. To conclude, with well-controlled temperatures, the reformed gas can be close to the theory. In addition, the authors investigate the influences of S/C.

Preparation and Property of Y-Mg-Al-Layered Double Oxides

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 764-767
Author(s):  
Tai Xuan Jia ◽  
Ji Chang Zhang ◽  
Zi Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Liquid Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Micro Reactor ◽  
Acetone Condensation

Y-Mg-Al-layered double Oxides (Y-Mg-Al-LDO) were prepared by calcining Y3+-doped Mg-Al-layered hydrotalcites at 823 K for 8 h from co-precipitation method. The samples were detected by XRD and CO2-TPD. Micro-structure and essential regularity were disclosed. The acetone condensation reaction as a probe reaction was carried on fixed-bed micro-reactor at reactive temperature 673 K, reactive time 3 h and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 6 h-1 over Y-Mg-Al-LDO. The catalyst evaluation results show that Y-Mg-Al-LDO possess high catalytic activity. The maximum value of acetone conversion reached 37.53%. The selectivity and single-pass-yield of isophorone were 55.66% and 20.89%, respectively.

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