Properties and Characteristics of Compressed Biofuel Production from Empty Palm Fruit Bunches

Thailand sits in the third place of the global rankings for crude palm oil production with an annual output of approximately 2 million tons/p.a., or 1.2% of the global output. Empty palm fruit bunches is one of residual from palm oil extraction process of Palm Oil industry. The objective of this research was to study properties and characteristics of biofuel made from empty fruit bunches and mixed with black rice hush with various composition ratios of empty palm fruit bunches and black rice husk as 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Only the biofuels with a ratio of 100:0 and 90:10 could be formed to be compressed biofuels. The heating values of biofuels were analyzed by Gallenkamp Autobomb Calorimeter whereas other fuel properties and characteristics were tested and analyzed according to ASTM standards. The comparison results between biofuel from a mixture ratio 100:0 and 90:10 showed that the average of heating value, ash content, carbon content and combustion time (minute per one piece) were 4,672.46 and 4,199.33 cal/g, 21.73% and 29.30%, 12.07% and 16.28%, 92.33 and 63 minutes, respectively.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.266 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Yuli Ristianingsih ◽

Ayuning Ulfa ◽

Rachmi Syafitri K.S

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g. Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

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Characterization of lignocellulosic composition and residual lipids in empty fruit bunches from palm oil processing

Grasas y Aceites ◽

10.3989/gya.0818182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 314 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. P.C. Volpi ◽

R. G. Bastos ◽

A. P.R. Badan ◽

M. H.A. Santana ◽

V. S. Santos

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Oil Processing ◽

Palm Fruits ◽

Fatty Acid Compositions

Empty fruit bunches (EFBs) are an agro-industrial residue discarded in the environment when the fresh palm fruits are removed for oil extraction. EFBs are abundant in palm-oil-producing countries and cause environmental problems. Besides their content in lignocellulosic, EFBs also contain amounts of residual lipids from the separation process. Because the palm fruit has two main types of oil from the pulp (palm oil) or the seeds (kernal oil), the residual EFBs lipids may have different compositions. Thus, this work aimed at characterizing the lignocellulosic content and the residual lipids in two EFBs from different palm oil producers. The EFBs were classified as Type 1 and Type 2 according to their source. The results showed that Type 1 EFBs had higher lignocellulosic and fatty acid compositions, similar to palm and kernel oils, while Type 2 EFBs had lower lignocellulosic content and fatty acid composition, similar to palm oil.

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Extraction of Oil and Minor Compounds from Oil Palm Fruit with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7020107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 107 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Huan Phan Tai ◽

Gerd Brunner

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Pressing Method ◽

Screw Pressing ◽

Minor Compounds ◽

Supercritical Carbon

A significant quantity of tocochromanols and carotenoids remains in the residual from palm oil production by traditional screw pressing. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used as alternative method with the purpose to recover better these valuable minor compounds. Total oil yield and co-extracted water were investigated in the course of extraction. Tocochromanols and carotenoids were evaluated, not only in the extraction oil, but also in the oil of residual fibre. Modelling of extraction process was also performed for a further up-scaling. The results showed that oil yield up to 90% could be observed within 120 min. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) could extract tocochromanols and carotenoids with concentration in the same range of normal commercial processing palm oil, while co-extracted water remained rather low at a level of 2–4%. Moreover, recovery efficiencies of these minor compounds were much higher in case of extraction processed with supercritical carbon dioxide than those with screw pressing method.

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OPTIMASI WAKTU HIDROLISIS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI FURFURAL BERBANTUKAN GELOMBANG MIKRO

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.265 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Marinda Rahim ◽

Mardhiyah Nadir

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Economic Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

Regional Center

Abstrak- Sebagai daerah sentra pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan industri crude palm oil (CPO), Kalimantan Timur memiliki potensi untuk menghasilkan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. TKKS merupakan limbah padat dari hasil industri CPO yang menggunakan tandan buah sawit (TBS) sebagai bahan bakunya. Bagian TKKS adalah 23% dari TBS. TKKS memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi jika diolah lebih lanjut. Salah satu cara yang digunakan adalah dengan menghidrolisis kandungan pentosan di dalam TKKS menjadi furfural. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah megembangkan teknik hidrolisis satu tahap TKKS menjadi furfural dengan bantuan gelombang mikro untuk mendapatkan waktu optimum yang dapat mengasilkan furfural maksimum.. Pada penelitian ini 10 gram TKKS ditambahkan dengan 250 mL H2SO4 15% sebagai katalis. Campuran kemudian dihidrolisis menggunakan bantuan gelombang mikro dengan variasi waktu 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, dan 105 menit. Hasil analisa dengan Gas Chromatography (GC) menunjukkan hasil furfural tertinggi diperoleh pada waktu 75 menit dengan konsentrasi 1,34 mg/mL. Kata Kunci: furfural, gelombang mikro, hidrolisis, TKKS Abstract- As a regional center for the development of oil palm plantations and crude palm oil (CPO) industry, East Kalimantan has the potential to produce oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) in large enough quantities. EFB is the solid waste from the palm oil industry which uses palm fruit bunches (FFB) as a raw material. EFB part is 23% of FFB. Whereas EFB has a high economic value if processed further. One of the method that is used to hydrolyze the content of pentosan in EFB into furfural. The purpose of this research is to develop one step hydrolysis technique of EFB into furfural with microwaves assistance to obtain the optimum time which can produce maximum furfural. In this research 10 grams of EFB was added with 250 mL of H2SO4 15% as the catalyst. The mixture was then hydrolyzed using microwave-assisted with a time variety of for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and105 minutes. The results of analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) showed that the highest results of furfural was at 75 minutes with a concentration of 1.34 mg / mL. Keywords: EFB, furfural, microwaves, hydrolysis

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Processing, Characteristics, and Potential Application of Red Palm Oil - A review

International Journal of Oil Palm ◽

10.35876/ijop.v3i2.47 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 40-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kartika Okta Purnama ◽

Dwi Setyaningsih ◽

Erliza Hambali ◽

Darmono Taniwiryono

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Food Product ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Food Industries ◽

Red Palm Oil ◽

Essential Components ◽

Specific Food

Crude palm oil (CPO) is produced from the extraction process of palm fruit pulp. Palm oil contains essential components in the form of triglycerides, mostly as fatty acids, namely palmitic acid, oleic, and linoleic. However, palm oil also contains minor phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. Palm oil has been widely used in the food and non-food industries. As a raw material in various products, palm oil undergoes a refinery process to remove unlike free fatty acids (FFA), odors, and colors (reddish to bright yellow). In this process, phytonutrients are degraded and damaged so that the content becomes very low. Phytonutrients in the CPO has not been fully utilized their benefits for human health. One of the palm oil products that contain high phytonutrient compounds is red palm oil. There are two types of red palm oil, namely virgin red palm oil (VRPO) and red palm oil derived from CPO (RPO). VRPO is produced from direct extraction of oil palm fruit, while RPO is produced from the neutralization of CPO and deodorization at low temperatures to reduce FFA levels. Both of these products contain high phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. This paper reviews several studies on the processing, characteristics, and potential use of red palm oil in food and non-food products. The application of red palm oil in margarine as a specific food product has the potential to be further studied.

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The Analysis of Potential of Straw Mushroom Development by Using Empty Fruit Bunches Material in Lampung Province

Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research ◽

10.23960/jesr.v1i2.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sarono Sarono

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Efficiency Ratio ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Production Scale ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Straw Mushroom

The empty fruit bunches (EFB) are by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) production, and it is not widely used optimally. One of products produced from EFB with development potentials is straw mushroom. The objective of this research was to analyze the potentials of EFB material and straw mushroom based on EFB material in Lampung province. The result showed that the EFB potential in Lampung province was 111,144 ton annually and straw mushroom was 4,835 ton annually. The biology efficiency ratio of EFB into straw mushroom in production scale was averagely 3.93%. Districts having potentials for developing straw mushroom business by using EFB material were Mesuji, Middle Lampung, Tulang Bawang, Way Kanan, and North Lampung.

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Bio-Crude Production Improvement during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biopulp by Simultaneous Application of Alkali Catalysts and Aqueous Phase Recirculation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14154492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4492

Author(s):

Komeil Kohansal ◽

Kamaldeep Sharma ◽

Saqib Sohail Toor ◽

Eliana Lozano Sanchez ◽

Joscha Zimmermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Phase ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Hydrothermal Conversion ◽

Simultaneous Application ◽

Heating Value ◽

Production Improvement ◽

Catalytic Experiment ◽

Alkali Catalysts ◽

Alkali Elements

This study focuses on the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (biopulp) by hydrothermal liquefaction. Thereby, homogeneous alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, and Na2CO3) and a residual aqueous phase recirculation methodology were mutually employed to enhance the bio-crude yield and energy efficiency of a sub-critical hydrothermal conversion (350 °C, 15–20 Mpa, 15 min). Interestingly, single recirculation of the concentrated aqueous phase positively increased the bio-crude yield in all cases, while the higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-crudes slightly dropped. Compared to the non-catalytic experiment, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 effectively increased the bio-crude yield by 14 and 7.3%, respectively. However, KOH and NaOH showed a negative variation in the bio-crude yield. The highest bio-crude yield (37.5 wt.%) and energy recovery (ER) (59.4%) were achieved when K2CO3 and concentrated aqueous phase recirculation were simultaneously applied to the process. The inorganics distribution results obtained by ICP reveal the tendency of the alkali elements to settle into the aqueous phase, which, if recovered, can potentially boost the circularity of the HTL process. Therefore, wise selection of the alkali catalyst along with aqueous phase recirculation assists hydrothermal liquefaction in green biofuel production and environmentally friendly valorization of biopulp.

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Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver System Technology for Improving the Quality of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/683579 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Negisa Darajeh ◽

Azni Idris ◽

Paul Truong ◽

Astimar Abdul Aziz ◽

Rosenani Abu Bakar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

System Technology ◽

High Concentration ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Control Sets ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a pollutant produced by the palm oil industry, was treated by the Vetiver system technology (VST). This technology was applied for the first time to treat POME in order to decrease biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, two different concentrations of POME (low and high) were treated with Vetiver plants for 2 weeks. The results showed that Vetiver was able to reduce the BOD up to 90% in low concentration POME and 60% in high concentration POME, while control sets (without plant) only was able to reduce 15% of BOD. The COD reduction was 94% in low concentration POME and 39% in high concentration POME, while control just shows reduction of 12%. Morphologically, maximum root and shoot lengths were 70 cm, the number of tillers and leaves was 344 and 86, and biomass production was 4.1 kg m−2. These results showed that VST was effective in reducing BOD and COD in POME. The treatment in low concentration was superior to the high concentration. Furthermore, biomass of plant can be considered as a promising raw material for biofuel production while high amount of biomass was generated in low concentration of POME.

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PERCEPATAN PENGOMPOSAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN PEMBERIAN UREA (Acceleration Composting Empty Fruit Bunches (Efb) With The Application Of Urea)

AgriPeat ◽

10.36873/agp.v18i02.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (02) ◽

pp. 113-124

Author(s):

Journal Journal

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Water Content ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Organic N ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Compost Application ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Total P

ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang memegang peranan penting dalam industri pangan. Luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2014 mencapai 10 juta Ha. Pertumbuhan yang pesat diikuti dengan produksi crude palm oil (CPO) dan palm karnel oil (PKO) yang juga meningkat, sekaligus produk sampingan berupa limbah. Salah satu limbah pabrik kelapa sawit yang jumlahnya besar adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan limbah organik yang berpotensi dimanfaatkan dibidang pertanian. Akan tetapi, TKKS memiliki nilai C/N yang cukup tinggi, akibatnya sukar dan lama untuk terdekomposisi. Salah satu cara pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan dilakukan pengomposan dengan pengkayaan urea. Diharapkan dengan perlakuan tersebut TKKS akan cepat terdekomposisi dan dapat segera dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui pengaruh pemberian urea terhadap pengomposan TKKS dan (2) mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan dosis urea terhadap kualitas kompos TKKS. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal dengan 5 perlakuan, yaitu U1 (urea 0 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U2 (urea 30,9 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U3 (urea 79,3 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U4 (urea 176,1 g setara dengan nilai C/N=) dan U5 (urea 466,3 g setara dengan C/N = ) dan 9 ulangan, sehingga diperoleh 45 satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian urea berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap susut bobot, kadar air, nilai pH kompos, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia, dan nilai C/N, selain itu pemberian urea mengakibatkan terjadi perubahan tekstur dan warna pada kompos TKKS. Pemberian dosis urea 466,3 g mampu meningkatkan kandungan N-total, serta menurunkan nilai C/N dan nilai pH kompos. Pemberian dosis urea 79,3 g atau setara dengan C/N = mampu meningkatkan kandungan P-tersedia dan kadar air, menurunkan susut bobot dan kandungan C-organik, serta menunjukan perubahan tekstur dan warna yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: tanda kosongkelapa sawit (TKSS), kompos, urea ABSTRACT Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a solid wastes produced in large quantity from palm oil industry. Empty fruit bunches can be used as compost material, additionally difficult to decompose because it contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as value of ratio C/N is high. Use EFB as compost material through the provision of urea has been done in this research. Urea are expected to reduce the value of ratio C/N and became a starter for microbial decomposers. The purpose of this research were (1) to determine the effect of urea on composting of EFB and (2) to determine the effect of increasing doses of urea to the quality of compost of EFB. This research was used a single factor of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely U1 (urea 0 g), U2 (urea 30,9 g), U3 (urea 79,3 g), U4 (urea 176,1 g), and U5 (urea 466,3 g), and 9 replications, until result 45 experimental units. The result showed that urea significant effect on weight loss, water content, value of pH compost, C-organic, N-total, P-available, and value of ratio C/N, besides urea resulted Widodoe, K. dkk Percepatan Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit…..…. 114 in a change in texture and color on the compost EFB. Application of urea 466,3 g was able to increase the content of N-total, reduce the value of ratio C/N and the value of pH compost. Application of urea 79,3 g can improve the content of P-available and water content, reduce the weight loss and the content of C-organic, and showed the changes in texture and color as better. Keywords: empty fruit bunches, compost, urea

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Liquid Biofuel Production from Palm Oil Using Dual-Function of Zn/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/330513 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 2257-2262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pakpoom Sangdara ◽

Maliwan Subsadsana ◽

Chalerm Ruangviriyachai

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Dual Function ◽

Liquid Biofuel

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