scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Valuable Tool for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfredi Picciotto Maniscalco ◽  
Maurizio Volpe ◽  
Antonio Messineo
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Liquid Residue ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Pre Treatment

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) represents an efficient and valuable pre-treatment technology to convert waste biomass into highly dense carbonaceous materials that could be used in a wide range of applications between energy, environment, soil improvement and nutrients recovery fields. HTC converts residual organic materials into a solid high energy dense material (hydrochar) and a liquid residue where the most volatile and oxygenated compounds (mainly furans and organic acids) concentrate during reaction. Pristine hydrochar is mainly used for direct combustion, to generate heat or electricity, but highly porous carbonaceous media for energy storage or for adsorption of pollutants applications can be also obtained through a further activation stage. HTC process can be used to enhance recovery of nutrients as nitrogen and phosphorous in particular and can be used as soil conditioner, to favor plant growth and mitigate desertification of soils. The present review proposes an outlook of the several possible applications of hydrochar produced from any sort of waste biomass sources. For each of the applications proposed, the main operative parameters that mostly affect the hydrochar properties and characteristics are highlighted, in order to match the needs for the specific application.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Coupling Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization: Analyzing Thermal Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11660
Author(s):  
Rubén González ◽  
Marcos Ellacuriaga ◽  
Alby Aguilar-Pesantes ◽  
Daniela Carrillo-Peña ◽  
José García-Cascallana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Pre Treatment

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process with wide application for the treatment of high organic-containing streams. The production of biogas and the lack of oxygen requirements are the main energetic advantages of this process. However, the digested stream may not readily find a final disposal outlet under certain circumstances. The present manuscript analyzed the feasibility of valorizing digestate by the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. A hypothetical plant treating cattle manure and cheese whey as co-substrate (25% v/w, wet weight) was studied. The global performance was evaluated using available data reported in the literature. The best configuration was digestion as a first stage with the subsequent treatment of digestate in an HTC unit. The treatment of manure as sole substrate reported a value of 752 m3/d of biogas which could be increased to 1076 m3/d (43% increase) when coupling an HTC unit for digestate post-treatment and the introduction of the co-substrate. However, the high energy demand of the combined configurations indicated, as the best alternative, the valorization of just a fraction (15%) of digestate to provide the benefits of enhancing biogas production. This configuration presented a much better energy performance than the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment of manure. The increase in biogas production does not compensate for the high energy demand of the pre-treatment unit. However, several technical factors still need further research to make this alternative a reality, as it is the handling and pumping of high solid slurries that significantly affects the energy demand of the thermal treatment units and the possible toxicity of hydrochar when used in a biological process.

Review of the performance of full-scale MBR plants: design, operation and on-site experimental data

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Pattanayak ◽  
S. Chang ◽  
M. Theodoulou ◽  
V. Mahendraker
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Removal System

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has become an effective alternative wastewater treatment technology that produces effluent with excellent quality. Globally, a wide range of municipal and industrial MBR plants are in operation, varying both in size and complexity. The objective of this investigation was to develop a better understanding of the long term performance of MBR plants. To achieve this objective, eight full-scale municipal MBR plants were examined. The methodology included a review of plant design parameters, pre-treatment system, biological operation, membrane operation, disinfection system and nutrient removal system. In addition, on-site tests were done on permeate, final effluent and mixed liquor to understand MBR performance.

Mycotechnology for Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar Pandey ◽  
Lakshmi Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Cellulose Accessibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Enzymatic Delignification ◽  
Significant Production

One of the major challenges for society in 21st century is to find a sustainable eco-friendly renewable liquid fuel for replacing petroleum based fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one ofthe most consumable biofuel in the world. Lignocellulosic plant biomass can be an untapped source of fermentable sugars for significant production of bioethanol. But, the polyphenolic lignin of the biomass hinders the digestibility of cellulose, thus the goal of any pre-treatment technology is to remove this structural component to improve the cellulose accessibility for enzymatic saccharification. A wide range of pretreatment methods and their combinations have been reported for delignification, but recently, the environment friendly approach of microbial pre-treatment has received much attention for enzymatic delignification and saccharificaton of biomass. The extracellular lignin degrading enzymes and cellulase enzyme complex from fungi are now considered for biological delignification and saccharification, respectively.

Feasibility of Anaerobic Pre-Treatment for the Effluents from Hardboard and Laminated Board Industry

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eroglu ◽  
I. Oztürk ◽  
G. Ubay ◽  
I. Demir ◽  
E. N. Korkurt
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Board Industry ◽  
Sludge Production

This paper presents results of a comparative evaluation of the feasibility of anaerobic pre-treatment for the effluents from a hardboard and laminated board industry. The problems associated with the treatment of hardboard mill wastewaters using activated sludge process have been observed as relatively low COD removal, high energy cost and high amounts of excess biological sludge production. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the anaerobic pre-treatment to reduce the excess biological sludge production and energy consumption in the aerobic stage. Anaerobic treatability studies were carried out by a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) with an effective volume of 10 litres. The UASBR was operated for a wide range of organic and hydraulic loadings during the experimental studies of more than 4 months. Anaerobic treatability studies have shown that a COD removal of 60% is possible at organic loading rates of 5-11 kg COD/m3.d. Anaerobic treatability study results have shown that 70 percent reduction both in the excess sludge production and in energy for aeration are possible by applying anaerobic pre-treatment. Considering these findings, it was demonstrated that anaerobic pre-treatment is a feasible option for waste management of the hardboard mill effluents.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Compact back-scattered electrons' energy analyzer for standard SEM

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 488-489
Author(s):  
S. Likharev ◽  
A. Kramarenko ◽  
V. Vybornov
Keyword(s):  
Depth Resolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Beam ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Energy Analyzer ◽  
High Energy Part ◽  
Small Window ◽  
Energy Part ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Voltage Supply

At present time the interest is growing considerably for theoretical and experimental analysis of back-scattered electrons (BSE) energy spectra. It was discovered that a special angle and energy nitration of BSE flow could be used for increasing a spatial resolution of BSE mode, sample topography investigations and for layer-by layer visualizing of a depth structure. In the last case it was shown theoretically that in order to obtain suitable depth resolution it is necessary to select a part of BSE flow with the directions of velocities close to inverse to the primary beam and energies within a small window in the high-energy part of the whole spectrum.A wide range of such devices has been developed earlier, but all of them have considerable demerit: they can hardly be used with a standard SEM due to the necessity of sufficient SEM modifications like installation of large accessories in or out SEM chamber, mounting of specialized detector systems, input wires for high voltage supply, screening a primary beam from additional electromagnetic field, etc. In this report we present a new scheme of a compact BSE energy analyzer that is free of imperfections mentioned above.

scholarly journals Sewage Sludge Treatment by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Feasibility Study for Sustainable Nutrient Recovery and Fuel Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2697
Author(s):  
Gabriel Gerner ◽  
Luca Meyer ◽  
Rahel Wanner ◽  
Thomas Keller ◽  
Rolf Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nutrient Recovery ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Sewage Sludge Treatment

Phosphorus recovery from waste biomass is becoming increasingly important, given that phosphorus is an exhaustible non-renewable resource. For the recovery of plant nutrients and production of climate-neutral fuel from wet waste streams, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been suggested as a promising technology. In this study, digested sewage sludge (DSS) was used as waste material for phosphorus and nitrogen recovery. HTC was conducted at 200 °C for 4 h, followed by phosphorus stripping (PS) or leaching (PL) at room temperature. The results showed that for PS and PL around 84% and 71% of phosphorus, as well as 53% and 54% of nitrogen, respectively, could be recovered in the liquid phase (process water and/or extract). Heavy metals were mainly transferred to the hydrochar and only <1 ppm of Cd and 21–43 ppm of Zn were found to be in the liquid phase of the acid treatments. According to the economic feasibility calculation, the HTC-treatment per dry ton DSS with an industrial-scale plant would cost around 608 USD. Between 349–406 kg of sulfuric acid are required per dry ton DSS to achieve a high yield in phosphorus recovery, which causes additional costs of 96–118 USD. Compared to current sewage sludge treatment costs in Switzerland, which range between 669 USD and 1173 USD, HTC can be an economically feasible process for DSS treatment and nutrient recovery.

scholarly journals Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7879
Author(s):  
Yingxia Gao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Léon Sanche
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Wide Range

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.

scholarly journals Optically transparent and very thin structure against electromagnetic pulse (EMP) using metal mesh and saltwater for shielding windows

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duy Tung Phan ◽  
Chang Won Jung
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Optical Transparency ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Concrete Wall ◽  
Metal Mesh ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optically Transparent

AbstractAn electromagnetic pulse (EMP) with high energy can damage electronic equipment instantly within a wide range of thousands of kilometers. Generally, a metal plate placed inside a thick concrete wall is used against an EMP, but it is not suitable for an EMP shielding window, which requires not only strong shielding effectiveness (SE) but also optical transparency (OT). In this paper, we propose a very thin and optically transparent structure with excellent SE for EMP shielding window application. The proposed structure consists of a saltwater layer held between two glass substrates and two metal mesh layers on the outside of the glass, with a total thickness of less than 1.5 cm. The SE and OT of the structure are above 80 dB and 45%, respectively, which not only meet the requirement of EMP shielding for military purposes but also retain the procedure of good observation. Moreover, the OT of the structure can be significantly improved using only one metal mesh film (MMF) layer, while the SE is still maintained high to satisfy the required SE for home applicants. With the major advantages of low cost, optical transparency, strong SE, and flexible performance, the proposed structure can be considered a good solution for transparent EMP shielding windows.

Enabling highly reversible sodium metal cycling across a wide temperature range with dual-salt electrolytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akila C. Thenuwara ◽  
Pralav P. Shetty ◽  
Neha Kondekar ◽  
Chuanlong Wang ◽  
Weiyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Metal Cycling ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Sodium Metal ◽  
Wide Range

A new dual-salt liquid electrolyte is developed that enables the reversible operation of high-energy sodium-metal-based batteries over a wide range of temperatures down to −50 °C.

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