Performance Optimisation of Fuel Pellets Comprising Pepper Stem and Coffee Grounds through Mixing Ratios and Torrefaction

Agricultural by-products have several disadvantages as fuel, such as low calorific values and high ash contents. To address these disadvantages, this study examined the mixing of agricultural by-products and spent coffee grounds, for use as a solid fuel, and the improvement of fuel characteristics through torrefaction. Pepper stems and spent coffee grounds were first dried to moisture contents of <15% and then combined, with mixing ratios varying from 9:1 to 6:4. Fuel pellets were produced from these mixtures using a commercial pelletiser, evaluated against various standards, and classified as grade A, B, or Bio-SRF. The optimal ratio of pepper stems to spent coffee grounds was determined to be 8:2. The pellets were torrefied to improve their fuel characteristics. Different torrefaction temperatures improved the mass yields of the pellets to between 50.87% and 88.27%. The calorific value increased from 19.9% to 26.8% at 290 °C. The optimal torrefaction temperature for coffee ground pellets was 230 °C, while for other pellets, it was 250 °C. This study provides basic information on the potential enhancement of agricultural by-products for fuel applications.

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Effect of Processed Beverage By-Product-Based Diets on Biological Parameters, Conversion Efficiency and Body Composition of Hermetia illucens (L) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12050475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Vassilios Sideris ◽

Maria Georgiadou ◽

Georgios Papadoulis ◽

Konstantinos Mountzouris ◽

Antonios Tsagkarakis

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Larval Density ◽

Mass Reduction ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Spent Grains ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

The effect of spent coffee grounds (SCG), brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and their mixtures with the addition of brewer’s yeast (BY) were tested in two rearing densities of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.). Different treatments were investigated on larval development, survival, yield, protein conversion (PrCR) and bioconversion rate (BCR), substrate mass reduction and body composition of the insect. BSF larvae were able to develop sufficiently in all diets, except on sole SCG. The addition of BY enhanced the performance properties of diets, especially in the case of SCG, where larvae underperformed. Substrate mass reduction, PrCR and BCR were affected only by feed and exhibited higher values on reference feed, followed by BSG and SCG+BSG enriched with BY. Density did not have a significant effect on various larval nutrients, except for fat, which was higher on larvae fed enriched feeds with BY and in the 300 larval density. The interaction between feed and density strongly affected the nitrogen and protein levels, larval yield and ash. Generally, diets which contained SCG exhibited high larval crude protein levels. Our results illustrate that low value beverage by-products can be successfully utilized as constituents of a successful BSF diet.

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3D printing of spent coffee ground derived biochar reinforced epoxy composites

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/00219983211002237 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002199832110022

Author(s):

Ahmed Alhelal ◽

Zaheeruddin Mohammed ◽

Shaik Jeelani ◽

Vijaya K Rangari

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Flexural Properties ◽

Direct Write ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Spent Coffee Ground ◽

Coffee Ground ◽

3D Printed

Semi-crystalline carbon biochar is derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) by a controlled pyrolysis process at high temperature/pressure conditions. Obtained biochar is characterized using XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. Biochar particles are in the micrometer range with nanostructured morphologies. The SCG biochar thus produced is used as reinforcement in epoxy resin to 3 D print samples using the direct-write (DW) method with 1 and 3 wt. % loadings. Rheology results show that the addition of biochar makes resin viscous, enabling it to be stable soon after print; however, it could also lead to clogging of resin in printer head. The printed samples are characterized for chemical, thermal and mechanical properties using FTIR, TGA, DMA and flexure tests. Storage modulus improved with 1 wt. % biochar addition up to 27.5% and flexural modulus and strength increased up to 55.55% and 43.30% respectively. However, with higher loading of 3 wt. % both viscoelastic and flexural properties of 3D printed samples drastically reduced thus undermining the feasibility of 3D printing biochar reinforced epoxies at higher loadings.

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A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry, Husk, Silver Skin, and Spent Grounds as Novel Foods within the European Union

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9050665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 665 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tizian Klingel ◽

Jonathan I. Kremer ◽

Vera Gottstein ◽

Tabata Rajcic de Rezende ◽

Steffen Schwarz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Safety Data ◽

Coffee Bean ◽

Green Coffee ◽

The European Union ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Novel Food ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

The coffee plant Coffea spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as animal feed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of novel coffee products in the food sector and their current legal classification in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on the composition and safety of coffee flowers, leaves, pulp, husk, parchment, green coffee, silver skin, and spent coffee grounds. Some of these products have a history of consumption in Europe (green coffee), while others have already been used as traditional food in non-EU-member countries (coffee leaves, notification currently pending), or an application for authorization as novel food has already been submitted (husks, flour from spent coffee grounds). For the other products, toxicity and/or safety data appear to be lacking, necessitating further studies to fulfill the requirements of novel food applications.

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Superior CO2 adsorption from waste coffee ground derived carbons

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c4ra13026j ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (37) ◽

pp. 29558-29562 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Will Travis ◽

Srinivas Gadipelli ◽

Zhengxiao Guo

Keyword(s):

Co2 Adsorption ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Microporous Carbons ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Coffee Ground

Utilising waste from spent coffee grounds KOH activated highly microporous carbons with surface areas of 2785 m2 g−1 and micropore volumes of 0.793 cm3 g−1 were synthesised that are capable of uptake capacities near 3 mmol g−1 at 50 °C and 1 bar.

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Utilization of Waste-Based Sorbents for Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: A Review

Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology ◽

10.2478/rput-2021-0002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (48) ◽

pp. 22-36

Author(s):

Lenka Blinová ◽

Maroš Sirotiak

Keyword(s):

Water Contamination ◽

Human Life ◽

Low Cost ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

Abstract Nowadays, the water contamination which is due to pharmaceuticals is increasing and alarming. The pharmaceuticals in water are very hazardous and toxic not only for the human life but also for environment. One of the promising methods of removing pharmaceuticals from the contaminated water is adsorption. Agricultural and industrial wastes or by-products can be used as low-cost adsorbents for pharmaceuticals removal. Low-cost adsorbents provide particular economic and environmental advantages. This paper presents an overview of utilizing of the waste-based adsorbents (mainly spent coffee grounds) for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water.

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Energy Utilization of Spent Coffee Grounds in the Form of Pellets

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13051235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1235 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Radovan Nosek ◽

Maw Maw Tun ◽

Dagmar Juchelkova

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Waste Utilization ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Coffee Waste ◽

Wood Sawdust ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Conservation Of Natural Resources

Nowadays it is important to limit the use and combustion of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. There is a need to create environmentally acceptable projects that can reduce or even stop greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we dealt with the objectives of energy policy with regard to environmental protection, waste utilization, and conservation of natural resources. The main objective of the research was to assess the possibility of the use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) as fuel. As a part of the solution, the processing of coffee waste in the form of pellets, analysis of calorific value and combustion in the boiler were proposed. The experiments were done with four samples of pellets. These samples were made from a mixture of wood sawdust and spent coffee grounds with ratio 30:70 (wood sawdust: spent coffee grounds), 40:60, 50:50 and 100% of spent coffee grounds. The calorific values were compared with wood sawdust pellets (17.15 MJ.kg−1) and the best lower calorific value of 21.08 MJ.kg−1 was measured for 100% of spent coffee grounds. This sample did not achieve the desired performance during the combustion in the boiler due to the low strength of the sample.

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Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of spent coffee grounds

Bioresources and Bioprocessing ◽

10.1186/s40643-019-0281-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohamed Elmously ◽

Nils Jäger ◽

Andreas Apfelbacher ◽

Robert Daschner ◽

Andreas Hornung

Keyword(s):

Calorific Value ◽

Acid Number ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Total Acid ◽

Catalytic Reforming ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Intermediate Pyrolysis

AbstractConversion of spent coffee grounds through the Thermo-Catalytic Reforming system (TCR®) is evaluated in this study. While, the TCR® is a technology that has been developed by Fraunhofer UMSICHT, which combines an intermediate pyrolysis and a catalytic reforming. The temperature of the catalytic reformer is varied between 500 and 700 °C to achieve an optimum yield quantities and qualities of the products. The hydrogen concentration is maximized at a reforming temperature of 700 °C, and a gas yield up to 52 wt% is achieved. The thermal stable bio-oil produced at 700 °C has the highest calorific value of 36.8 MJ/kg with significantly low oxygen and water content, low viscosity and low TAN (total acid number). Furthermore, the maximum bio-oil and char yields are obtained at the lowest reforming temperature of 500 °C. Overall spent coffee grounds show a great potential as feedstock in the Thermo-Catalytic Reforming for energy and bio-chemicals production.

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Engineering and environmental evaluation of spent coffee grounds stabilized with industrial by-products as a road subgrade material

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy ◽

10.1007/s10098-016-1188-x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 63-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Teck-Ang Kua ◽

Arul Arulrajah ◽

Suksun Horpibulsuk ◽

Yan-Jun Du ◽

Cherdsak Suksiripattanapong

Keyword(s):

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Environmental Evaluation ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

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Hydrothermal Carbonization of Spent Coffee Grounds

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6542

Author(s):

Hyeok-Jin Kim ◽

Sea-Cheon Oh

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Fuel Characteristics ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

With increasing coffee production and consumption, the amount of coffee by-product is also increasing. Therefore, there is growing worldwide interest in using these by-products as a renewable energy source. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization was conducted with subcritical water to improve the fuel characteristics of spent coffee grounds. The water content was varied, with the mass ratio between the dry sample and water set to 1:1.5 and 1:4. The reaction temperature was increased by 10 °C from 180 to 250 °C. The fuel and thermal characteristics of the reaction products were investigated through mass and energy yields, elemental, proximate, and heating value analysis. In analysis results, as the reaction temperature increased, carbon and fixed carbon content increased, and oxygen and volatile matter content decreased, resulting in an increase in calorific value. Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also conducted on the reaction products. To investigate their storage characteristics, chemical oxygen demand analysis was conducted. The results showed that with increasing reaction temperature, the fixed carbon content and heating value increased; also, the fuel characteristics became similar to those of coal. In addition, the reaction products became more hydrophobic as the reaction temperature increased.

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Evaluation of nutritional and economic feed values of spent coffee grounds andArtemisia princepsresidues as a ruminant feed usingin vitroruminal fermentation

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1343 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. e1343 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jakyeom Seo ◽

Jae Keun Jung ◽

Seongwon Seo

Keyword(s):

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Production Costs ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Alternative Feed ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Artemisia Princeps ◽

By Products

Much research on animal feed has focused on finding alternative feed ingredients that can replace conventional ones (e.g., grains and beans) to reduce feed costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic, as well as nutritional value of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps) residues (APR) as alternative feed ingredients for ruminants. We also investigated whether pre-fermentation usingLactobacillusspp. was a feasible way to increase the feed value of these by-products. Chemical analyses and anin vitrostudy were conducted for SCG, APR, and their pre-fermented forms. All the experimental diets forin vitroruminal fermentation were formulated to contain a similar composition of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients at 1x maintenance feed intake based on the dairy National Research Council (NRC). The control diet was composed of ryegrass, corn, soybean meal, whereas the treatments consisted of SCG, SCG fermented withLactobacillusspp. (FSCG), APR, and its fermented form (FAPR). The treatment diets replaced 100 g/kg dry matter (DM) of the feed ingredients in the control. Costs were lower for the all treatments, except FAPR, than that of the control. After 24-h incubation, the NDF digestibility of the diets containing SCG and its fermented form were significantly lower than those of the other diets (P< 0.01); pre-fermentation tended to increase NDF digestibility (P= 0.07), especially for APR. Supplementation of SCG significantly decreased total gas production (ml/g DM) after 24-h fermentation in comparison with the control (P< 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the control and the SCG or the APR diets in total gas production, as expressed per Korean Won (KRW). Diets supplemented with SCG or FSCG tended to have a higher total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, expressed as per KRW, compared with the control (P= 0.06). Conversely, the fermentation process of SCG and APR significantly decreased total gas production and VFA production as expressed per KRW (P< 0.05). Because of their nutrient composition and relatively lower cost, we concluded that SCG and APR could be used as alternative feed sources, replacing conventional feed ingredients. However, pre-fermentation of agricultural by-products, such as SCG and APR, may be inappropriate for improving their nutritive considering the increase in production costs.

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