scholarly journals Management of Lignocellulosic Waste towards Energy Recovery by Pyrolysis in the Framework of Circular Economy Strategy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5864
Author(s):  
Anna Poskart ◽  
Magdalena Skrzyniarz ◽  
Marcin Sajdak ◽  
Monika Zajemska ◽  
Andrzej Skibiński
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Experimental Stand ◽  
High Flexibility

The article presents the possibilities of effective management of lignocellulosic waste by including it in the circular economy. The pyrolysis process was chosen as the thermal conversion method. This approach, due to a high flexibility of the obtained products, better quality of the solid residue (char), and the lower emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, e.g., SO2 and NOx, is a competitive solution compared to combustion process. Wood waste from alder and pine were analyzed. As part of laboratory tests, the elementary composition was determined, i.e., C, H, N, S, and O. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 600 °C on an experimental stand for the conversion of solid fuels in a stationary bed. For the obtained data, using the Ansys Chemkin-Pro calculation tool, the detailed chemical composition of gaseous products of the pyrolysis process was modeled for a varying temperature range and residence time in the reactor. The studies have shown that for certain process conditions it is possible to obtain a high calorific value of pyrolytic gas, up to 25 MJ/m3.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
Rafał Ślefarski ◽  
Joanna Jójka ◽  
Paweł Czyżewski ◽  
Michał Gołębiewski ◽  
Radosław Jankowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Automotive Shredder Residue

There has been a gradual increase in the field of parts recovery from cars that are withdrawn from use. However, the disposal of automotive shredder residue (ASR) still remains a significant problem. ASR is refuse derived fuel (RDF), which contains mainly plastics, fiber sponges, and rubbers in different proportions, and therefore a thermal treatment of selected waste samples is applied. The presented research includes thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, as well as a proximate and an ultimate analysis of the ASR samples. The obtained results were processed and used as an input for modelling. The numerical calculations focused on the identification of the ASR’s average composition, the raw pyrolysis process product, its dry pyrolytic gas composition, and the combustible properties of the pyrolytic gases. The TGA analysis with three heating rate levels covered the temperature range from ambient to 800 °C. The thermal decomposition of the studied samples was in three stages confirmed with three peaks observed at the temperatures 280, 470, and 670 °C. The amount of solid residue grew with the heating rates and was in the range of 27–32 wt%. The numerical calculation of the pyrolysis process showed that only 0.46 kg of dry gas were formed from 1 kg of ASR. The gas yield increased with the rising temperature, and, at the same time, its calorific value decreased from 19.22 down to 14.16 MJ/m3. This is due to the decomposition of C6+ hydrocarbons and the promotion of CO formation. The thermodynamic parameters of the combustion process for a pyrolytic gas air mixture, such as the adiabatic flame temperature and laminar flame speed, were higher than for methane and were, respectively, 2073 °C and 1.02 m/s.

scholarly journals Gasification of Coal Dust in a Cyclone Furnace in an O2/H2O Atmosphere

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Zarzycki ◽  
Justyna Jędras ◽  
Rafał Kobyłecki
Keyword(s):  
Coal Dust ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Cyclone Furnace

This paper presents the results of the modeling of coal dust gasification using oxygen and steam in a cyclone furnace. The combustion process leads to the release of gas composed mainly of CO and H2. The composition of this gas can be controlled through changes in the content of O2 and H2O in the gasifying agent. It is possible for the process conditions adopted in the study to obtain the CO content at the level of 50% with the content of the gasifying agent O2/H2O of 50/50. In the case of the composition of the gasifying agent O2/H2O of 80/20, the H2 content was 50%. The maximal calorific value of the gas was obtained for O2/H2O 50/50 (11.2 MJ/kg).

scholarly journals Energy Balance Sheet of a Semi Operational Thermic System

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-329
Author(s):  
Stanislav Honus ◽  
Veronika Sassmanová ◽  
Jaroslav Frantík ◽  
Przemyslaw Bukowsk ◽  
Dagmar Juchelková
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Energetic Balance ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The article is focused onthe energetical balance of a technical system for the conversion of crushed tyres by pyrolysis. Process temperatures were set in the range from 500 to 650°C. Mass input of the material was 30 kg per hour. The aim of the article is to answer the following questions as regards the individual products: Under which process conditions can the highest quality of the individual products related to energy be reached? How does the thermal efficiency of the system change in reaction to various conditions of the process? On the basis of the experimental measurements and calculations, apart from other things, it was discovered that the pyrolysis liquid reaches the highest energetic value, i.e. 42.7 MJ.kg-1, out of all the individual products of the pyrolysis process. Generated pyrolysis gas disposes of the highest lower calorific value 37.1 MJ.kg-1 and the pyrolysis coke disposes of the maximum 30.9 MJ kg-1. From the energetic balance, the thermal efficiency of the experimental unit under the stated operational modes ranging from about 52 % to 56 % has been estimated. Individual findings are elaborated on detail in the article.

Study of the Kinetics of Thermal Destruction of Crossed Polyethylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
K. Chalov ◽  
Yu. Lugovoy ◽  
Yu. Kosivtsov ◽  
E. Sulman
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Kinetics Of

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

scholarly journals Migration of Sulfur and Nitrogen in the Pyrolysis Products of Waste and Contaminated Plastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4374
Author(s):  
Waldemar Ścierski
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Plastics Recycling ◽  
A Value ◽  
Mixed Waste ◽  
Pyrolytic Oil

The most advantageous way of managing plastics, according to circular economy assumptions, is recycling, i.e., reusing them. There are three types of plastics recycling: mechanical, chemical and energy recycling. The products of the pyrolysis process can be used for both chemical and energy recycling. Possibilities of further use of pyrolysis products depend on their physicochemical parameters. Getting to know these parameters was the aim of the research, some of which are presented in this article. The paper presents the research position for conducting the pyrolysis process and discusses the results of research on pyrolysis products of waste plastics. The process was conducted to obtain the temperature of 425 °C in the pyrolytic chamber. Such a value was chosen on the basis of my own previous research and literature analysis. The focus was on the migration of sulfur and nitrogen, as in some processes these substances may pose a certain problem. Studies have shown high possibilities of migration of these elements in products of pyrolysis process. It has been shown that the migration of sulfur is similar in the case of homogeneous and mixed waste plastics—it immobilizes mainly in pyrolytic oil. Different results were obtained for nitrogen. For homogeneous plastics, nitrogen immobilizes mainly in char and oil, whereas for mixed plastics, nitrogen immobilizes in pyrolytic gas.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Woody Cutting Waste Briquette with Paper Waste Pulp as Binder

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 00030
Author(s):  
Qurrotin Ayunina Maulida Okta Arifianti ◽  
Azmi Alvian Gabriel ◽  
Syarif Hidayatulloh ◽  
Kuntum Khoiro Ummatin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Combustion Characteristic ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Iron Mold

The current research aimed to increase the calorific value of woody cutting waste briquette with paper waste pulp as binder. There were three different binder variation used in this study, they are 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %. To create a briquette, a cylindrical iron mold with diameter of 3.5 cm and height of 3 cm and a hydraulic press with 2 t power were applied. The physical characteristics of the combination woody waste briquette and paper waste pulp, such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and carbon fix were examined using proximate analysis. The calorific value of briquetted fuel was tested by bomb calorimeter. The combustion test was performed to determine the combustion characteristic of briquettes, for example initial ignition time, temperature distribution, and combustion process duration. The general result shows that the calorific value of briquette stood in the range of 4 876 kCal kg–1 to 4 993 kCal kg–1. The maximum moisture content of briquette was 5.32 %. The longest burning time was 105 min.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ash related problems during sewage sludge combustion

2019 ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
Agnes Serbanescu ◽  
Mona Barbu ◽  
Ionut Cristea ◽  
Gina Catrina ◽  
Georgiana Cernica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Sludge Ash

A good function of waste-to-energy installation requires knowledge of the combustion characteristics of the fuel and fusion characteristics of the ash produced in the combustion process. Sewage sludge could be considered as renewable fuel due the high quantity of organics of sufficiently high calorific value. The combustion of sewage sludge can cause operating problems due to high ash content containing mineral compounds. This paper presents the oxide composition of three kinds of sewage sludge ashes and the influence on the slagging and fouling process in combustion. For comparation, two coal samples were selected, a low and a high rank coal. The mineral matter were investigated by the X-ray fluorescence analytical technique using the Rigaku CG X-ray Spectrofluorimeter. The evaluation of slagging and fouling process was performed on the basis of some indices: the basic oxides, the base-to-acid ratio, the slagging index and the fouling index. The conclusion based on experimental studies is that depending on mineral content the sewage sludge ash can cause high to moderate slagging and fouling hazard.

scholarly journals A Review of Pyrolisis of Eceng Gondok (Water hyacinth) for Liquid Smoke

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Rita Dwi Ratnani ◽  
Widiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
16Th World ◽  
Co Gas

The growth of eceng gondok (Water hyacinth) in Rawa Pening Lake showed rapid increase.. Based on the mandate of the National Lake conference in Bali and the 16th World Lake Conference, Rawa Pening is one of the fifteen national lakes which need to be treated for its conservation. Reducing number of eceng gondok plants is one of the alternatif. However, further processing is required to treat the waste of eceng gondok. One attempt is to convert eceng gondok (water hyacinth) into liquid smoke product. This article reviewes the potency of eceng gondok for liquid smoke through pyrolisis method. The liquid smoke can be used for various applications such as preservatives, antioxidants, biopesticides and perisa disinfectants. Pyrolysis is a combustion process in the absence of oxygen to produce liquid and charcoal activated charcoal products called activated charcoal. The pyrolysis process is generally carried out at a temperature range between 200-700 °C. The pyrolysis process is one of the methods chosen in order to strive for development that suppresses the formation of CO gas but releases water vapor. Pyrolysis at a temperature of 300-700 ° C, produces the most dominant compounds 1.6 Anhyro-beta-d-glucopyranose, phenol, and acetic acid. The reaction that occurs during pyrolysis of this temperature is the release of water vapor instead of carbon gas so that it is safe for the environment. The discussion on this article focused on the production of liquid smoke from eceng gondok biomass.

scholarly journals Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carmo-Calado ◽  
Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽  
Roberta Mota-Panizio ◽  
Bruno Guilherme-Garcia ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Combustion Tests

The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.

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