scholarly journals Toward a Unified Model Approach for Evaluating Different Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6120
Author(s):  
Wael Alosaimi ◽  
Md Tarique Jamal Ansari ◽  
Abdullah Alharbi ◽  
Hashem Alyami ◽  
Saquib Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Improved Technology ◽  
Model Approach

Considering rising pollution as well as fuel expenses, it has now become critical to transition to a sustainable method of transportation. As a result, automakers have begun to spend on research and development in the electric vehicle (EV) industry. The amount of EVs has expanded rapidly in recent years. This is owing to new improved technology, particularly in electric motor engineering, as well as government initiatives to limit the level of environmental impact produced by combustion engines. Because EVs are powered by electricity, implementing their charging stations presents certain complications. In this paper, we have discussed the different types of EVs, such as BEVs, FCEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, and REHEVs. Even though the capacity of many of these electric car models has been substantially enhanced within the past few years, some challenges remain as a selection barrier for several customers. Considering these challenges, we have also implemented a fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS-based unified model to evaluate the different types of EVs. The study’s technical importance is the identification of various evaluation factors, implementation of a unified model for measuring performance, and computation using the fuzzy MCDM technique. The outcomes of the unified model approach also were validated. We concluded that FCEVs are excellent for long journeys, and have the resources to cause minimal disruption.

scholarly journals Locating Multiple Size and Multiple Type of Charging Station for Battery Electricity Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohua Cui ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Huijie Wen ◽  
Cuiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Program ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Initial Charge ◽  
Charging Stations

As environmental and energy issues have attracted more and more attention from the public, research on electric vehicles has become extensive and in-depth. As driving range limit is one of the key factors restricting the development of electric vehicles, the energy supply of electric vehicles mainly relies on the building of charging stations, battery swapping stations, and wireless charging lanes. Actually, the latter two kinds of infrastructure are seldom employed due to their immature technology, relatively large construction costs, and difficulty in standardization. Currently, charging stations are widely used since, in the real world, there are different types of charging station with various levels which could be suitable for the needs of network users. In the past, the study of the location charging stations for battery electric vehicles did not take the different sizes and different types into consideration. In fact, it is of great significance to set charging stations with multiple sizes and multiple types to meet the needs of network users. In the paper, we define the model as a location problem in a capacitated network with an agent technique using multiple sizes and multiple types and formulate the model as a 0–1 mixed integer linear program (MILP) to minimize the total trip travel time of all agents. Finally, we demonstrate the model through numerical examples on two networks and make sensitivity analyses on total budget, initial quantity, and the anxious range of agents accordingly. The results show that as the initial charge increases or the budget increases, travel time for all agents can be reduced; a reduction in range anxiety can increase travel time for all agents.

scholarly journals MODERN ELECTRIC CARS OF TESLA MOTORS COMPANY

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Vynakov ◽  
E. V. Savolova ◽  
A. I. Skrynnyk
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
The World ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
History Of

This overview article shows the advantages of a modern electric car as compared with internal combustion cars by the example of the electric vehicles of Tesla Motors Company. It (в смысле- статья) describes the history of this firm, provides technical and tactical characteristics of three modifications of electric vehicles produced by Tesla Motors. Modern electric cars are not less powerful than cars with combustion engines both in speed and acceleration amount. They are reliable, economical and safe in operation. With every year the maximum range of an electric car is increasing and its battery charging time is decreasing.Solving the problem of environmental safety, the governments of most countries are trying to encourage people to switch to electric cars by creating subsidy programs, lending and abolition of taxation. Therefore, the advent of an electric vehicle in all major cities of the world is inevitable.

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PROBLEMS OF OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF ELECTRIC CAR CHARGING STATIONS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR SERVICE AREAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 253-256
Author(s):  
Andrii Maliienko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Electric Transport ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
Multiple Coverage ◽  
Charging Stations

Modern requirements of transport communication require the use of more environmentally friendly transport, and electric transport requires a more thorough analysis of the locations of its service points, including charging stations for electric vehicles. In this paper, it is proposed to use the theory and methods of multiple coverage of sets for modeling and solving problems of optimal placement of charging stations of electric vehicles with simultaneous determination of their service areas, taking into account the possibility of overlap.

scholarly journals Location of Charging Stations in Electric Car Sharing Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1408-1438
Author(s):  
Georg Brandstätter ◽  
Markus Leitner ◽  
Ivana Ljubić
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Exact Algorithm ◽  
Grid Graph ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Benchmark Instances ◽  
Charging Stations

Electric vehicles are prime candidates for use within urban car sharing systems, both from economic and environmental perspectives. However, their relatively short range necessitates frequent and rather time-consuming recharging throughout the day. Thus, charging stations must be built throughout the system’s operational area where cars can be charged between uses. In this work, we introduce and study an optimization problem that models the task of finding optimal locations and sizes for charging stations, using the number of expected trips that can be accepted (or their resulting revenue) as a gauge of quality. Integer linear programming formulations and construction heuristics are introduced, and the resulting algorithms are tested on grid-graph-based instances, as well as on real-world instances from Vienna. The results of our computational study show that the best-performing exact algorithm solves most of the benchmark instances to optimality and usually provides small optimality gaps for the remaining ones, whereas our heuristics provide high-quality solutions very quickly. Our algorithms also provide better solutions than a sequential approach that considers strategic and operational decisions separately. A cross-validation study analyzes the algorithms’ performance in cases where demand is uncertain and shows the advantage of combining individual solutions into a single consensus solution, and a simulation study investigates their behavior in car sharing systems that provide their customers with more flexibility regarding vehicle selection.

REDUCING THE NOISE LOAD ON WILDLIFE DURING SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS

Akustika ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 112-114
Author(s):  
Alexey Shvetsov
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Environmental Organizations ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

Scientific expeditions to the wild are usually carried out by cars that create a negative noise load on the inhabitants of the wild. This study suggests a way to reduce such a noise load by replacing cars with internal combustion engines with electric vehicles. The measurements made it possible to specify the quantitative indicators of reducing the noise load achieved as a result of replacing cars with internal combustion engines with electric vehicles. The article specifies the limitations in the use of electric vehicles during scientific expeditions into the wild, resulting from special conditions, such as impassability and lack of service infrastructure, such as battery charging stations. The data presented in this paper may be of interest both for scientific and environmental organizations, and for government regulatory institutions in the fields of ecology, nature protection and scientific activity.

scholarly journals Magyarország térinformatikai alapú gyorsforgalmi átjárhatósági vizsgálata az elektromobilitás szempontjából– helyzetkép és fejlesztési lehetőségek

2021 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-66
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Distance Transport

In the context of this research, two aspects, namely coverage and linear availability, have been examined for the possibility of quick charging of battery-powered electric vehicles in Hungary, focusing on national connectivity. It has been shown that the density of quick chargers is uneven; that is, they are present in the inner cities at a higher rate than along motorways for long-distance transport. The study carried out comparative analyses based on two previously published concepts (E.ON–MOL and BME KKT) and a dedicated methodology (ELTE KTF) using the potential charging sites outlined therein. Modelling has shown that the electric car charging possibilities available along the highways are limited. The investigation suggests that the strategic objective should not be to establish a charging network for national connectivity, since only 5%of the charging stations are currently located in the immediate vicinity of motorways and only half of which are quick chargers.

INCUMBENCY AND THE DISRUPTIVE REGULATOR: THE CASE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN CALIFORNIA

2004 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 339-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN PILKINGTON ◽  
ROMANO DYERSON
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Zero Emission ◽  
Complementary Assets ◽  
Emission Legislation

For much of the past century, the automobile sector has been dominated by a handful of oligopolistic firms, protected through path dependencies and the build up of complementary assets. But that very dominance built upon years of experience and translated into the periodic release of incrementally innovative new car designs, may now be threatened by the actions of regulators in California and elsewhere, in mandating emission friendly cars. The biggest challenge in this area has been the demand for zero emission vehicles resulting from Californian regulations. Zero emission legislation mandates the use of technologies radically different from those used in the development of internal combustion engines. Such technology acts in a disruptive manner on the existing skills base of the automobile firms, negating some of the benefits of incumbency. With little or no experience of the systems needed to develop a viable electric vehicle — batteries, electric motors and controllers — the established automobile manufacturers have struggled with a strategic question: how to incorporate disruptive elements into a mature organisation. This paper explores the nature of the regulatory threat and the strategic responses generated by the automobile firms.

Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Location Based on Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Ci Tang ◽  
Chun Lin Guo ◽  
Peng Xin Hou ◽  
Yu Bo Fan ◽  
Dong Ming Jia
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Charging Stations

In order to determine the layout of electric car charging stations, a model for optimizing charging stations location is developed after charging-demand districts are divided, the number of electric vehicles and the center of each charging district are ready. This model takes the minimization of electric vehicles charging stations total cost which includes initial fixed investment costs, operating costs and charging costs as the objective function, some related constraints which include service radius, capacity of charging station etc. are considered. Particle swarm optimization based on hybridization is proposed to solve this problem. The example verifies feasibility of this method.

scholarly journals GIS AND FUZZY AHP BASED AREA SELECTION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4 ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Guler ◽  
T. Yomralioglu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Selection Of

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Significant work is being done to protect the world and ecosystem. Innovative approaches are being explored to reduce the harm of the methods used to sustain life. Mobility is an essential issue that affects people and society in today's life. Automobiles are the most commonly used vehicle for mobility in private life and public service activities such as transportation. One of the important subjects that should be applied to environmentally sensitive methods is transportation. One of the major problems encountered today is the harmful effects of internal combustion motor vehicles. Electric vehicles are preferred because they work efficiently and with the least damaging effect on the environment. The location of electric vehicles is a complicated problem because it depends on many different factors. In this study, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (Fuzzy AHP) as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and geographic information systems (GIS) to manage data which can be used for the location selection of electric vehicles charging stations are researched. The study area was determined by three neighboring districts boundaries city of Istanbul in Turkey.</p>

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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