scholarly journals Can Lower Carbon Aviation Fuels (LCAF) Really Complement Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) towards EU Aviation Decarbonization?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6430
Author(s):  
David Chiaramonti ◽  
Giacomo Talluri ◽  
George Vourliotakis ◽  
Lorenzo Testa ◽  
Matteo Prussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Eu

The present work provides an analysis of the potential impact of fossil-based Low Carbon Aviation Fuels (LCAF) for the European aviation sector, with a time horizon to 2050. LCAF are a crude-derived alternative to kerosene, offering some Green House Gas (GHG) savings, and have been defined by ICAO as eligible fuels for mitigating the environmental impact of aviation. A methodological framework to evaluate the EU technical potential for LCAF production is developed, based on data on crude utilization for jet fuel production in EU refineries, relevant carbon intensity reduction technologies, market prices, and aviation fuel volumes. Two different baselines for fossil-derived kerosene carbon intensity (CI) are considered: a global figure of 89 gCO2e/MJ and an EU-27-specific one of 93.1 gCO2eq/MJ. Three scenarios considering increasing levels of CI reduction are then defined, taking into account the current and potential commercial availability of some of the most relevant carbon intensity reduction technologies. The analysis demonstrates that, even if LCAF could offer GHG saving opportunities, their possible impact, especially when compared to the ambition level set in the most recent European legislative proposals, is very limited in most of the analysed scenarios, with the exception of the most ambitious ones. At 2030, a non-zero technical potential is projected only in the higher CI reduction scenario, ranging between 1.8% and 14.2% of LCAF market share in the EU-27 (equal to 0.6 to 4.75 Mtoe), depending on the considered Baseline for CI. At 2050, almost all considered scenarios project a larger technical potential, ranging between 6.9% and 22.2% for the global Baseline (2.21 to 7.13 Mtoe), and between 1.8% and 16.2% for the EU-27 Baseline (0.58 to 5.2 Mtoe). LCAF additional costs to current production costs are also discussed, given their relevance in large-scale deployment of these technologies, and are projected to range between 39 and 46.8 USD/toe.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Strategies of the Largest European Energy Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
Ivan Kopytin ◽  
◽  
Artem Popadko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Low Carbon Energy ◽  
The Eu

The article outlines strategies of the largest European energy companies in the context of the EU climate policy aiming to accelerate the transition to a low carbon paradigm of development. For European oil and gas companies, the development of clean hydrogen projects is a natural policy since oil processing is the largest final consumer of hydrogen. Opportunities to increase production of new low-carbon energy sources are critical for European energy companies. It is concluded that hydrogen energy in Europe is developing in accordance with the algorithm previously applied in the sector of green renewable electricity. The driver of hydrogen projects is the political choice of the EU in favor of the green economy and decarbonization. Relatively high production costs allow companies to develop green hydrogen projects only relying on government support and large-scale subsidies from national and European budgets.

Vincoli europei e internazionali. Il rilancio della politica climatica dell'Unione Europea per il periodo post Kyoto

2009 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Andrea Molocchi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

- The relation describes the European strategy on energy and climate under the UNFCCC process for the post Kyoto period (after 2012), by which on march 2007 the EU Council adopted general targets at 2020 for a 20%/30% emission reduction, 20% renewables and 20% energy saving. Furthermore it highlights the main features of the legislative proposals published by the European Commission (EC) to implement the strategy on the 23rd January 2008, soon after the Bali COP13 (so called "energy and climate package"). The package contains proposals to implement the 20% emission reduction through EU level defined caps in the ETS sectors and by national targets differentiation in the non-ETS sectors (respectively under the "ETS revision directive" and "Effort Sharing Decision") and a further directive proposal to implement the 20% target for renewables through national target differentiation as well. The burden sharing criteria applied by EC in the energy package proposals are based on GDP per capita and they do not consider any environmental efficiency criteria, such as carbon intensity or potential for renewable sources based on land availability. As the Impact Assessment produced by the Commission itself shows, the way the "solidariety criteria" has been applied produced estimated costs on GDP highly differentiated between Member States and non-coherent with the GDP per capita distribution. Nevertheless, these burden sharings have not been timely corrected by the EC to bring optimisation with GDP per capita rankings in the UE. In addition, the EC package does not contain legislative proposals aimed to implement the 20% energy saving target. Recent disclosure of information by EC consultants (NTUA - Primes Model) shows that the implicit energy saving potential of the proposed package is limited to 7%, thus far away from the announced 20%. Due to these lackings, the EC package and related burden sharings may not be considered coherent to the EU Council spring 2007 mandate. European Parliament or Council emendments aimed at a higher efficiency and fairness for the whole package are deemed necessary by the author, even if politically difficult to be introduced.Key words: Energy & climate package, GHGs, energy efficiency, renewable sources, European policy.

scholarly journals Costs and Profitability of Crops for Bioeconomy in the EU

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calliope Panoutsou ◽  
Efthymia Alexopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Unused Land ◽  
Good Yielding ◽  
Cost Efficient

The bioeconomy is the cornerstone of the EU’s policy for shifting economic and societal trends towards circularity and low carbon arrangements. Europe has several crops that can be used as raw materials for this purpose, however pressure on land which might displace other activities and industrial competition for cost efficient raw materials remains a challenge. Hence, ensuring good yielding capacity and examining the likelihood to produce more by exploiting low quality, unused land can present significant opportunities to increase sustainable, locally sourced supply and at the same time offer profitable solutions to both industry and the farmers. This paper estimates the production costs of fourteen crops (oil, sugar, starch and lignocellulosic) and analyses how their profitability can be influenced by yield increases and cultivation in low quality land. Results show that there are profitable options for all crops under current market prices and land types except for cases in countries where crop productivity is rather low to sustain farm incomes. The analysis confirms that Europe has plenty crop options as raw materials for bioeconomy. Decision makers however must ensure future research and policy support are oriented towards sustainable yield increases and accelerate rehabilitation of land that is unused and of low quality.

scholarly journals Major tendencies in livestock changes after the EU accession

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
Levente Komarek
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
The Eu

In the mid 80s Hungarian agriculture belonged to the forefront of the world in many respects, despite the fact that there was a lot to do regarding yields, production costs, production structure, and the fastness of adaptability to markets and establishing accordance between the elements of the food industry chain. The mid 1980s witnessed an energetic improvement despite the unequal pace, and then followed an era of different tensions and imbalances in Hungarian agriculture. At the time of the regime change the agricultural sector, and particularly animal production within that, suffered from the signs of crisis and it was getting into an increasingly difficult position. The vast majority of the agricultural large scale farms ceased to exist, and most of the arable land was privatised. Production fell back, its composition became more heterogeneous, sometimes with an irrational production structure and selling difficulties arouse. Profitability decreased in the field of animal production generally, and some activities even had losses. The domestic consumption fallback, which was caused by the farmers’ lack of capital, the unorganised production, and the decrease in living standards, produced an amount of unsellable goods and it made the otherwise low profitability even worse. The low level of profitability resealed in unjustified production decline and led to the fact that the number of domestic animals in Hungary decreased to a never experienced depth. Today there are positive changes in the field of animal production, which might result in the long-term growth of our livestock. This study was designed to present the major tendencies and spatial characteristics of Hungarian livestock.

The Color of Energy: The Competition to be the Energy of the Future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hon Chung Lau
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Carriers ◽  
Co2 Intensity

Abstract Energies may be described as brown, blue or green. Brown energies are CO2-emitting fossil fuels. Blue energies employ carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to remove the emitted CO2 from brown energies. Green energies are zero or low CO2-emitting renewable energies. Likewise, energy carriers such as electricity and hydrogen may be described as brown, blue or green if they are produced from brown, blue or green energy, respectively. The transition from a high carbon intensity to a low carbon intensity economy will require the decarbonization of three major sectors: power, transport and industry. By analyzing the CO2 intensity and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of energy and energy carriers of different colors, we show that renewable energies are best used in replacing fossil fuels in the power sector where it has the most impact in reducing CO2 emission. This will consume the majority of new additions to renewable energies in the near to medium future. Consequently, the decarbonation of the transport and industry sectors must begin with the use of blue electricity, blue fossil fuels and blue hydrogen. To achieve this, implementation of large-scale CCS projects will be necessary, especially outside of USA and northern Europe. However, this will not happen until significant financial incentives in the form of carbon tax or carbon credit becomes available from national governments. Furthermore, private-public partnership and intergovernmental cooperation will be needed to implement these CCS projects.

Optimal Net-Zero Cost Deep Energy Retrofit of Low-Rise Social Housing Townhouses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Al-Tameemi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Retrofit

Whole building optimization retrofits have been performed for two townhouses in four locations with different climates to find both energy efficiency and cost-effective retrofit solutions across a thirty-year time span analysis. The objective is to find deep energy retrofit packages that can be used for large scale social housing retrofit. The multi-objective optimizations aim to achieve the least annualized related costs, lower initial and operational energy related costs and substantial carbon savings by analyzing one natural gas heated option and four electric heated options (baseboard heating system, central air-source heat pump, ductless mini-split heat pump and ground-source heat pump). Results reveal that prescriptive deep energy retrofit solutions achieved between 78% to 100% site energy reductions through building enclosures improvement, upgrades of HVAC and water heating systems, upgrades of appliances and lighting, and the addition of onsite renewable energy generation. Results also indicate that ductless mini-split heat pump (MSHP) optimized model has lower long-term costs and a shorter modified payback period than the optimized gas-heated model at all locations; thus suggesting that heating electrification is cost effective and can reduce the majority of operational GHG emissions of existing housing stock in locations with low carbon intensity electric grid. (834KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Calc_Lubna/view (284KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnAl_Lubna/view (4 MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnHr_Lubna/view (5MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Wind_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Toro_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Thby_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Otta_Lubna/view

scholarly journals Economic performance evaluation of natural gas vehicles and their fuel infrastructures

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Dejene A Hagos ◽  
Erik O Ahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Price ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicles

The transition from high carbon-intensity to low carbon-intensity transport fuels entails the development of energy efficient and cost-effective decarbonisation pathways. In this paper, 14 potential natural and renewable gas supply pathways and natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been selected and evaluated with regards to well-to-tank (WTT) fuel production costs and break-even vehicle added investment costs. NGVs are evaluated for both road- and maritime transport applications with three types of gas engines; dedicated, dual fuel, and high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines. The results indicate that owing to the alternate gas distribution mechanisms and filling stations configuration there exist a substantial fuel production cost differences between the selected gas pathways. Despite its long-distance shipping and distribution, imported LNG showed significant production cost advantage over compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied renewable natural gas (LRNG) pathways. Evaluating the current economic performances, all NGVs are found to be competitive corresponding to gasoline cars, but not compared to diesel cars due to the lower price gap between CNG and diesel. In the heavy-duty vehicle and passenger vessel segments, however, owing to the high price gap between LNG and diesel/marine gas oil (MGO), all NGVs and LNG passenger vessels showed high competitiveness compared to their conventional counterparts.

scholarly journals Economic performance evaluation of natural gas vehicles and their fuel infrastructures

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Dejene A Hagos ◽  
Erik O Ahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Price ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicles

The transition from high carbon-intensity to low carbon-intensity transport fuels entails the development of energy efficient and cost-effective decarbonisation pathways. In this paper, 14 potential natural and renewable gas supply pathways and natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been selected and evaluated with regards to well-to-tank (WTT) fuel production costs and break-even vehicle added investment costs. NGVs are evaluated for both road- and maritime transport applications with three types of gas engines; dedicated, dual fuel, and high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines. The results indicate that owing to the alternate gas distribution mechanisms and filling stations configuration there exist a substantial fuel production cost differences between the selected gas pathways. Despite its long-distance shipping and distribution, imported LNG showed significant production cost advantage over compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied renewable natural gas (LRNG) pathways. Evaluating the current economic performances, all NGVs are found to be competitive corresponding to gasoline cars, but not compared to diesel cars due to the lower price gap between CNG and diesel. In the heavy-duty vehicle and passenger vessel segments, however, owing to the high price gap between LNG and diesel/marine gas oil (MGO), all NGVs and LNG passenger vessels showed high competitiveness compared to their conventional counterparts.

Optimal Net-Zero Cost Deep Energy Retrofit of Low-Rise Social Housing Townhouses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Al-Tameemi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Retrofit

Whole building optimization retrofits have been performed for two townhouses in four locations with different climates to find both energy efficiency and cost-effective retrofit solutions across a thirty-year time span analysis. The objective is to find deep energy retrofit packages that can be used for large scale social housing retrofit. The multi-objective optimizations aim to achieve the least annualized related costs, lower initial and operational energy related costs and substantial carbon savings by analyzing one natural gas heated option and four electric heated options (baseboard heating system, central air-source heat pump, ductless mini-split heat pump and ground-source heat pump). Results reveal that prescriptive deep energy retrofit solutions achieved between 78% to 100% site energy reductions through building enclosures improvement, upgrades of HVAC and water heating systems, upgrades of appliances and lighting, and the addition of onsite renewable energy generation. Results also indicate that ductless mini-split heat pump (MSHP) optimized model has lower long-term costs and a shorter modified payback period than the optimized gas-heated model at all locations; thus suggesting that heating electrification is cost effective and can reduce the majority of operational GHG emissions of existing housing stock in locations with low carbon intensity electric grid. (834KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Calc_Lubna/view (284KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnAl_Lubna/view (4 MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnHr_Lubna/view (5MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Wind_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Toro_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Thby_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Otta_Lubna/view

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250025 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM B. JAFFE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Efficient Design

There is a strong foundation in theoretical and empirical research in economics for the proposition that efficient climate policy must include both carbon-price policy and technology policy. Even the most modest projections of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reductions needed to moderate climate change imply very large reductions in the carbon-intensity of the world economy, something in excess of a 60% reduction by 2050. This is a greater proportionate reduction than has occurred in the petroleum intensity of world GDP since 1970, despite a six-fold increase in the price of oil. This illustrates how unlikely it is that the needed economic transformation could be brought about by price-based policy instruments alone. There is no good historical analogue to the needed transformation, but the closest parallels all involved major roles for technology policy. Increased public funding of research and training is a necessary but not sufficient component of such policy. Historical experience with technological transformation in other sectors suggests that government support for purchases of low-carbon technologies will be needed. Unfortunately, we do not have good evidence on efficient design of such programs. We need systematic evaluation of different policy instruments designed to accelerate the transformation of basic technologies into large-scale commercial products. We have the "technology" to do this kind of systematic evaluation, but it is not generally used.

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