Potential Electricity Production by Installing Photovoltaic Systems on the Rooftops of Residential Buildings in Jordan: An Approach to Climate Change Mitigation

Countries with limited natural resources and high energy prices, such as Jordan, face significant challenges concerning energy consumption and energy efficiency, particularly in the context of climate change. Residential buildings are the most energy-consuming sector in Jordan. Photovoltaic (PV) systems on the rooftops of residential buildings can solve the problem of increasing electricity demands and address the need for more sustainable energy systems. This study calculated the potential electricity production from PV systems installed on the available rooftops of residential buildings and compared this production with current and future electricity consumption for residential households. A simulation tool using PV*SOL 2021 was used to estimate electricity production and a comparative method was used to compare electricity production and consumption. The results indicated that electricity production from PV systems installed on single houses and villas can cover, depending on the tilt angle and location of the properties, three to eight times their estimated future and current electricity use. PV installation on apartment buildings can cover 0.65 to 1.3 times their future and current electricity use. The surplus electricity produced can be used to mitigate urban energy demands and achieve energy sustainability.

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A Comparative Assessment for the Potential Energy Production from PV Installation on Residential Buildings

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10344

Author(s):

Sameh Monna ◽

Adel Juaidi ◽

Ramez Abdallah ◽

Mohammed Itma

Keyword(s):

Potential Energy ◽

Energy Production ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Residential Building ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Energy Sustainability ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Residential Units ◽

Future Consumption

This paper targets the future energy sustainability and aims to estimate the potential energy production from installing photovoltaic (PV) systems on the rooftop of apartment’s residential buildings, which represent the largest building sector. Analysis of the residential building typologies was carried out to select the most used residential building types in terms of building roof area, number of floors, and the number of apartments on each floor. A computer simulation tool has been used to calculate the electricity production for each building type, for three different tilt angles to estimate the electricity production. Tilt angle, spacing between the arrays, the building shape, shading from PV arrays, and other roof elements were analyzed for optimum and maximum electricity production. The electricity production for each household has been compared to typical household electricity consumption and its future consumption in 2030. The results show that installing PV systems on residential buildings can speed the transition to renewable energy and energy sustainability. The electricity production for building types with 2–4 residential units can surplus their estimated future consumption. Building types with 4–8 residential units can produce their electricity consumption in 2030. Building types of 12–24 residential units can produce more than half of their 2030 future consumption.

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Understanding the Incremental Impact of Built Environment on Climate Change of Metropolitan City Karachi

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.22581/muet1982.2004.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 678-685

Author(s):

Nimra Kanwal ◽

Nuhzat Khan

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Building Design ◽

High Energy ◽

Metropolitan City ◽

Green Area ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

Buildings are the most important part of development activities, consumed over one-thirds of the global energy. Household used the maximum energy around the world, likewise in Pakistan residential buildings consumed about half of total energy (45.9% per year). The study aims to analyze the impact of building design on climate of Metropolitan City Karachi, Pakistan and to evaluate the change in urbanization patterns and energy consumption in the buildings. To have better understanding of the issues correlations was established amongst population, urbanization patterns, green area, number of buildings (residential and commercial), building design, energy consumption and metrological records (climate change parameters) by collecting the data from the respective departments. With the help of the collected data amount of carbon dioxide was estimated. The results reveled that during last 36 years the urban population of Karachi increased exponentially from 5,208,000 (1981) to 14,737,257 (2017) with increase in urbanized area from 8.35 km2 (1946) to 3,640 km2 (2017) that may led to reduce the green area of the city from 495,000 hectors (1971) to 100,000 hectors (2015). Moreover, the building’s design and numbers are being changed from 21 high-rise buildings (2009) to 344 (2017). It may be concluded that change in temperature pattern and climatic variability of the city may be due to increase in population and change in lifestyle that lead to high energy consumption that is prime source of increased in CO2 emission in the environment of Karachi city, However, Greenhouse Gases (GHG) releases are much lower than the levels reported from metropolitan cities around the world.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Small-Scale Rooftop PV Systems: The Case of Dragotin, Croatia

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11199318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (19) ◽

pp. 9318

Author(s):

Mladen Bošnjaković ◽

Ante Čikić ◽

Boris Zlatunić

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Small Scale ◽

Optimal Size ◽

Pv System ◽

Load Curve ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Hourly Data ◽

Daily Load

A large drop in prices of photovoltaic (PV) equipment, an increase in electricity prices, and increasing environmental pressure to use renewable energy sources that pollute the environment significantly less than the use of fossil fuels have led to a large increase in installed roof PV capacity in many parts of the world. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of installing PV systems in the rural continental part of Croatia on existing family houses. A typical example is a house in Dragotin, Croatia with an annual consumption of 4211.70 kWh of electricity on which PV panels are placed facing south under the optimal slope. The calculation of the optimal size of a PV power plant with a capacity of 3.6 kW, without battery energy storage, was performed by the Homer program. The daily load curve was obtained by measuring the electricity consumption at the facility every hour during a characteristic day in the month of June. As most of the activities are related to electricity consumption, repeating during most days of the year, and taking into account seasonal activities, daily load curves were made for a characteristic day in each month of the year. Taking into account the insolation for the specified location, using the Internet platform Solargis Prospect, hourly data on the electricity production of selected PV modules for a characteristic day in each month were obtained. Based on the previous data, the electricity injected into the grid and taken from the grid was calculated. Taking into account the current tariffs for the sale and purchase of electricity, investment prices, and maintenance of equipment, the analysis shows that such a PV system can pay off in 10.5 years without government incentives.

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Adaptive Responses to Climate Change: The Effects of Temperature Levels on Residential Electricity use in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-852560/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Meixuan Teng ◽

Hua Liao ◽

Paul J. Burke ◽

Tianqi Chen ◽

Chen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Data Availability ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

The North ◽

Electricity Use ◽

Residential Electricity

Abstract Rising temperaturesare likely to boost residential demand for electricity in warm locationsdue toincreased use of air-conditioners, fans, and refrigeration. Yet the precise effect of temperatureson residential electricity use may vary by geographical area and with socio-economic conditions. Knowledge on this effectin developing countries is limited due to data availability and reliability issues. Using a high-quality provincial-level monthly datasetfor China and fixed-effect panel methods,we find aU-shaped and asymmetrical relationship between ambient temperature and monthly household electricity use.An additional day with a maximum temperature exceeding 34°C on average results in a 1.6% increase in monthlyper capita household electricity use relative to if that day’s maximum temperature had been in the 22–26°C range. The effect of an additional cold day is smaller. There are differencesin effectsfor the south and the north of China and in urban versus rural areas. We estimate that temperature increases associated with climate change will lead to about a 3–5% increase in annual household electricity consumption by the end of the century under different carbon emission trajectories according to the projectionsin the 2021IPCC report. The estimated effect is larger for summer months.

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Study on Household Energy Usage Patterns in Urban and Rural Areas of Nepal

Journal of the Institute of Engineering ◽

10.3126/jie.v15i3.32761 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 402-410

Author(s):

Dinesh Kumar Shahi ◽

Hom Bahadur Rijal ◽

Masanori Shukuya

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Energy Use ◽

Family Income ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Income Level ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Electricity Use

In the last decades, the household’s energy demand has increased significantly in various countries including Nepal. In the case ofNepal, 94% of energy use is in the domestic sector. There is a possibility of a huge increase in electricity production, but we are stillsuffering from load shedding due to the high electricity demand. Electricity use is an important factor for the quality of life anddevelopment of a nation. There is not a sufficient number of researches done about electricity consumption in different climaticregions of Nepal which are analyzed by the income level of residents. This study gives descriptive information on the household’senergy uses patterns and investigates the electricity use rate, using electrical appliances in households. This study also identifies themajor source of energy use and awareness of energy use. The data were collected from 442 households in three regions in the winterseason of 2018. Kalikot is a rural area, Chitwan is a semi-urban, and Kathmandu is an urban area. We have collected electricity bills,family income, and family size, electricity using appliances, expenditure for energy and energy use for heating/cooling, cooking, andlighting. The electricity was used only for lighting purposes in the rural area, but other electrical appliances were used in semi-urbanand urban areas. The amount of electricity use has not affected by household income level in the rural area, but it has affected in semi-urban and urban areas. The level of education affects the use of the LED significantly. This study would be helpful to know theelectricity use patterns which is useful for energy saving and energy management of the rural and urban areas of Nepal.

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Analysis of The Covid-19 Impact on Electricity Consumption and Production

10.20944/preprints202010.0348.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mehmet Bulut

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Full Time ◽

Mass Consumption ◽

Electricity Use ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

The World ◽

New Type ◽

The Impact

With the year 2020, the world faced a new threat that affects all areas of life, negatively affects production in all areas, and paralyzes social life. The measures and restrictions taken by the country's governments to prevent the epidemic from spreading rapidly in the society with the effect of the Covid-19 virus, which first appeared in China and spread all over the world, brought a new lifestyle. Covid-19 has been much the impact on electricity use and electricity production in the period in Turkey as in other countries. There was a sharp decline in commercial and industrial electricity use. The coronavirus effect has also been reflected in the electricity demand and the consumption amount has undergone a great negative change. Due to the enactment of measures against the new type of coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic and the partial or full-time curfews, electricity consumption was moved to homes, supermarkets, and hospitals in April 2020 from places where mass consumption is intense, such as industry, workplaces, and educational institutions. In this study, Covid-19 period, the first cases were examined electricity production and consumption in Turkey as of the date it is seen throughout, in comparison with electricity consumption data in the same month of the previous years corresponding to this period, the effects on electricity generation and consumption habits of this period were examined.

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Energy Efficient Measures for Buildings with Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems Located in Bangkok, Thailand

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.224 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 361-363 ◽

pp. 224-230

Author(s):

Chanikarn Yimprayoon

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Electricity Demand ◽

Commercial Buildings ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Demand Reduction ◽

Energy Efficient Design ◽

Efficient Measures

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency can be maximized with building demand matching. Computer simulations were used to investigate the priorities of energy efficient measures commonly used in residential and commercial buildings in Thailand that decreased the electricity demand while producing load profiles that matched the unique output profiles from PV systems. Residential and commercial buildings in Thailand were modeled in existing conditions. Then they were made compliant with ASHRAE energy standard requirements which can reduce electricity consumption 16-36% in residential buildings and 8-19% in commercial buildings. With energy efficient design measures, electricity production from PV systems could satisfy the remaining consumption and peak electricity demand reduction could reach up to 70% in residential buildings. Electricity consumption and peak demand reduction in commercial buildings was not high. Reducing lighting power density in residential buildings, using higher glazing efficiency in small offices and using thermal mass in big offices were found to be able to reduce more peak load when electricity output from PV systems were incorporated in the buildings compared with other measures. Energy efficient design measures suitable for different purposes in each building type have been identified. Building owners and electricity utilities can use this information to select the best energy efficient design measures that fit their objectives.

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A comparison of nighttime lights data for urban energy research: Insights from scaling analysis in the US system of cities

Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science ◽

10.1177/0265813516658477 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 1077-1096 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michail Fragkias ◽

José Lobo ◽

Karen C Seto

Keyword(s):

Satellite Data ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Energy Use ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Scaling Analysis ◽

Electricity Use ◽

The Us ◽

Different Types ◽

Urban Energy ◽

Nighttime Light

Urban areas contribute to about 75% of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions and are a primary driver of climate change. If greenhouse gas emissions for the top 20 emitting urban areas were aggregated into a one country, it would rank third behind China and the US. With urban areas forecasted to triple between 2010 and 2030 and urban population expected to increase by more than 2.5 billion, sustainable development will require a better understanding of how different types of urbanization affect energy use. However, there is a scarcity of data on energy use at the urban level that are available globally. Nighttime light satellite data have been shown to be related to energy use, but to date there has not been a systematic comparison of how well different sources of nighttime light data and their derived products can proxy electricity use. This paper fills this gap. First, we perform a comparative analysis of different types of nighttime light satellite data to proxy for electricity use for US cities. Second, we examine how the different types of nighttime light satellite data scale with the size of urban settlements and connect these findings to recent theoretical advances in scaling. We find that (1) all measures of nighttime light and urban electricity use in the US are strongly correlated and (2) different nighttime light-derived data can measure distinct urban energy characteristics such as energy infrastructure volume versus energy use. Our results do not show a clear best nighttime light proxy for total electricity consumption, despite of the use of higher spatial and temporal resolution data.

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Bridging the energy gap of India’s residential buildings by using rooftop solar PV systems for higher energy stars

Clean Energy ◽

10.1093/ce/zkab017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 423-432

Author(s):

Rakesh Dalal ◽

Kamal Bansal ◽

Sapan Thapar

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Existing Buildings ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Rooftop Solar

Abstract The residential-building sector in India consumes >25% of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity; consumption increased by 26% between 2014 and 2017. India has introduced a star-labelling programme for residential buildings that is applicable for all single- and multiple-dwelling units in the country for residential purposes. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building (annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building) is taken as an indicator for awarding the star label for residential buildings. For gauging the EPI status of existing buildings, the electricity consumption of residential buildings (in kWh/m2/year) is established through a case study of the residential society. Two years of electricity bills are collected for an Indian residential society located in Palam, Delhi, analysed and benchmarked with the Indian residential star-labelling programme. A wide EPI gap is observed for existing buildings for five-star energy labels. Based on existing electricity tariffs, the energy consumption of residential consumers and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)’s proposed building ENERGY STAR labelling, a grid-integrated rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system is considered for achieving a higher star label. This research study establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings in Indian cities through a case study of Delhi. Techno-economic analysis of a grid-integrated 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant is analysed by using RETScreen software. The study establishes that an additional two stars can be achieved by existing buildings by using a grid-integrated rooftop solar PV plant. Payback for retrofit of a 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant for Indian cites varies from 3 to 7 years. A case study in Delhi, India establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings. Techno-economic analysis of grid integrated, 3 kWp rooftop solar systems estimates a payback period from 3 to 7 years.

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Reducing High Energy Demand Associated with Air-Conditioning Needs in Saudi Arabia

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12010087 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jubran Alshahrani ◽

Peter Boait

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

High Energy ◽

Residential Sector ◽

Smart Control ◽

Ac Systems

Electricity consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has grown at an annual rate of about 7% as a result of population and economic growth. The consumption of the residential sector accounts for over 50% of the total energy generation. Moreover, the energy consumption of air-conditioning (AC) systems has become 70% of residential buildings’ total electricity consumption in the summer months, leading to a high peak electricity demand. This study investigates solutions that will tackle the problem of high energy demand associated with KSA’s air-conditioning needs in residential buildings. To reduce the AC energy consumption in the residential sector, we propose the use of smart control in the thermostat settings. Smart control can be utilized by (i) scheduling and advance control of the operation of AC systems and (ii) remotely setting the thermostats appropriately by the utilities. In this study, we model typical residential buildings and, crucially, occupancy behavior based on behavioral data obtained through a survey. The potential impacts in terms of achievable electricity savings of different AC operation modes for residential houses of Riyadh city are presented. The results from our computer simulations show that the solutions intended to reduce energy consumption effectively, particularly in the advance mode of operation, resulted in a 30% to 40% increase in total annual energy savings.

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