scholarly journals Challenges for Nanotechnology

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-631
Author(s):  
Johann Michael Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Molecular Biotechnology ◽  
Technical Functions ◽  
Supermolecular Chemistry

The term “Nanotechnology” describes a large field of scientific and technical activities dealing with objects and technical components with small dimensions. Typically, bodies that are in–at least–two dimensions smaller than 0.1 µm are regarded as “nanobjects”. By this definition, a lot of advanced materials, as well as the advanced electronic devices, are objects of nanotechnology. In addition, many aspects of molecular biotechnology as well as macromolecular and supermolecular chemistry and nanoparticle techniques are summarized under “nanotechnology”. Despite this size-oriented definition, nanotechnology is dealing with physics and chemistry as well as with the realization of technical functions in the area between very small bodies and single particles and molecules. This includes the shift from classical physics into the quantum world of small molecules and low numbers or single elementary particles. Besides the already established fields of nanotechnology, there is a big expectation about technical progress and solution to essential economic, medical, and ecological problems by means of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology can only meet these expectations if fundamental progress behind the recent state of the art can be achieved. Therefore, very important challenges for nanotechnology are discussed here.

Failure Analysis and Defect Inspection of Electronic Devices by High-Resolution Cathodoluminescence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Monachon ◽  
M.S. Zielinski ◽  
D. Gachet ◽  
S. Sonderegger ◽  
S. Muckenhirn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
Defect Inspection ◽  
Spectrally Resolved ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Quantitative cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy is a new optical spectroscopy technique that measures electron beam-induced optical emission over large field of view with a spatial resolution close to that of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Correlation of surface morphology (SE contrast) with spectrally resolved and highly material composition sensitive CL emission opens a new pathway in non-destructive failure and defect analysis at the nanometer scale. Here we present application of a modern CL microscope in defect and homogeneity metrology, as well as failure analysis in semiconducting electronic materials

Nanoscale Heat Transfer Modeling in Solids: Data Storage and Electronic Devices

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sartaj S. Ghai ◽  
Myung S. Jhon ◽  
Cristina H. Amon ◽  
Yiao-Tee Hsia
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Boltzmann Transport ◽  
Boltzmann Method ◽  
Good Agreement

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), is used to examine multi-length scale, confined heat conduction phenomena in solids for which sub-continuum regime is important. This paper describes the implementation of the method and its application to cases pertinent to data storage and electronic devices. Thin solid films with internal heat generation and with temperature difference across the boundaries are used as case studies to illustrate the benefits of the LBM. We compare our results with various hierarchical equations of heat transfer such as Fourier, Cattaneo, and Boltzmann transport equations, as well as with experimental and numerical data from the literature. Our results exhibit a good agreement with other methodologies in one and two dimensions, at a much lower computational effort.

scholarly journals Análisis del libro de texto gratuito digitalizado con base en los atributos de los enlaces en las asignaturas de ciencias naturales, historia y geografía en México

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
Sandra Delia Faustino Cruz ◽  
Maricela López-Ornelas ◽  
Javier Organista Sandoval ◽  
Sergio Cruz Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Relevant Aspect ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
Education In Mexico ◽  
Potential Use

RESUMEN: La presente investigación tiene el objetivo de analizar los atributos tecnológicos y de los recursos didácticos del libro de texto digitalizado empleado de forma obligatoria desde el 1° al 6° grado de educación primaria en México. Para fines del artículo, se estudiaron sólo las asignaturas de ciencias naturales, historia y geografía. El desarrollo del proceso metodológico, fue de corte cuantitativo-descriptivo basado en dos dimensiones: la tecnológica y la de recursos didácticos; el procedimiento se acompañó de tres fases: a) Identificación de los libros de texto gratuitos digitalizados de las asignaturas de ciencias naturales en 3°, 4°, 5° y 6° e historia en los últimos tresgrados; b) Identificación y revisión de los enlaces disponibles en los libros de textogratuito digitalizados de las respectivasasignaturas; y c) Tipificación de los enlaces contenidos en enlaces en los temas, referenciasy fuentes de cada asignatura antesmencionada. Entre los principales resultados destaca, que, en México, los libros de texto gratuitos digitalizados, distan significativamente de las características generales con los que son descritos en otros países, además, carecen de las ventajas mínimas necesarias relacionadas con el uso potencial del recurso, aunado a la insuficiencia de enlaces que presentan algunos libros, donde incluso, diversos enlaces no funcionan correctamente o están inactivos. Otro aspecto relevante, está implícitamente relacionado con la disposición de recursos como son los dispositivos electrónicos que permitirían su consulta, así como la escaza accesibilidad a internet y la notoria desigualdad en la distribución de esos recursos. PALABRAS CLAVE: libros de texto; libros de texto digitalizados; atributos tecnológicos y recursos didácticos; educación básica; México.   ABSTRACT: The present investigation has the objective of analyzing the technological attributes and the didactic resources of the digitized textbook used in a compulsory manner from the first to the 6th grade of primary education in Mexico. For the purposes of the article, only the subjects of natural sciences, history and geography were studied. The development of the methodological process was quantitative-descriptive, based on two dimensions: the technological and the didactic resources; The procedure was accompanied by three phases: a) Identification of digitized free textbooks of natural science subjects in grades 3, 4, 5 and 6, and history in the last three grades; b) Identification and review of the links available in the digitized free textbooks of the respective subjects; and c) Typification of the links contained in links in the subjects, references and sources of each subject mentioned above. Among the main results, it is worth noting that, in Mexico, digitized free textbooks are significantly different from the general characteristics with which they are described in other countries, and they also lack the minimum necessary advantages related to the potential use of the resource, combined to the insufficiency of links that some books present, where even, several links do not work correctly or are inactive. Another relevant aspect is implicitly related to the availability of resources such as the electronic devices that would allow their consultation, as well as the scarce accessibility to the Internet and the notorious inequality in the distribution of those resources. KEYWORDS: textbooks; digitized textbooks; technological attributes and didactic resources; basic education; Mexico.

scholarly journals Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Sik Choi ◽  
Yuan-Yu Hsueh ◽  
Jahyun Koo ◽  
Quansan Yang ◽  
Raudel Avila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Elastic Substrate ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Surgical Extraction ◽  
Chemical Design

AbstractBioresorbable electronic stimulators are of rapidly growing interest as unusual therapeutic platforms, i.e., bioelectronic medicines, for treating disease states, accelerating wound healing processes and eliminating infections. Here, we present advanced materials that support operation in these systems over clinically relevant timeframes, ultimately bioresorbing harmlessly to benign products without residues, to eliminate the need for surgical extraction. Our findings overcome key challenges of bioresorbable electronic devices by realizing lifetimes that match clinical needs. The devices exploit a bioresorbable dynamic covalent polymer that facilitates tight bonding to itself and other surfaces, as a soft, elastic substrate and encapsulation coating for wireless electronic components. We describe the underlying features and chemical design considerations for this polymer, and the biocompatibility of its constituent materials. In devices with optimized, wireless designs, these polymers enable stable, long-lived operation as distal stimulators in a rat model of peripheral nerve injuries, thereby demonstrating the potential of programmable long-term electrical stimulation for maintaining muscle receptivity and enhancing functional recovery.

scholarly journals Application of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Nanocomposites in Electronics: Current Status and Future Directions

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haichao Liu ◽  
Ranran Jian ◽  
Hongbo Chen ◽  
Xiaolong Tian ◽  
Changlong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Degradable Polymers ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Application Requirements

With the continuous increase in the production of electronic devices, large amounts of electronic waste (E-waste) are routinely being discarded into the environment. This causes serious environmental and ecological problems because of the non-degradable polymers, released hazardous chemicals, and toxic heavy metals. The appearance of biodegradable polymers, which can be degraded or dissolved into the surrounding environment with no pollution, is promising for effectively relieving the environmental burden. Additionally, biodegradable polymers are usually biocompatible, which enables electronics to be used in implantable biomedical applications. However, for some specific application requirements, such as flexibility, electric conductivity, dielectric property, gas and water vapor barrier, most biodegradable polymers are inadequate. Recent research has focused on the preparation of nanocomposites by incorporating nanofillers into biopolymers, so as to endow them with functional characteristics, while simultaneously maintaining effective biodegradability and biocompatibility. As such, bionanocomposites have broad application prospects in electronic devices. In this paper, emergent biodegradable and biocompatible polymers used as insulators or (semi)conductors are first reviewed, followed by biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites applied in electronics as substrates, (semi)conductors and dielectrics, as well as electronic packaging, which is highlighted with specific examples. To finish, future directions of the biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites, as well as the challenges, that must be overcome are discussed.

Oligothiophenes: Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Dibbendu Saha ◽  
◽  
Nilasish Pal
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Oxidative Coupling ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Optoelectronic Properties ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Organic Electronic Devices ◽  
Organic Electronic

Oligothiophenes give a magnificent opportunity to explore its different synthesis and uses as in optoelectrical devices nowadays. In contrast, oligothiophenes afford higher purity and easy modification with several functional groups than their polymer counterparts. Recent work on functional oligothiophenes of advanced materials for organic electronic devices has been developed. In this study, the synthesis and characterisation of linear and fused oligothiophenes (e.g., oxidative coupling, palladium catalysed C-H homocoupling and cross-coupling) emphasises applications in various areas are addressed.

Stationary states of a directed planar growth process

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Solid Films ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Voter Models ◽  
Planar Growth

A new Markov process is introduced, describing growth or spread in two dimensions, via the aggregation of particles or the filling of cells. States of the process are configurations of part of the boundary of the growing aggregate, and transitions are captures or escapes of single particles. For suitably chosen transition rates, the process is dynamically reversible, leading to an explicit stationary distribution and a statistical description of the boundary. The growth rate is calculated and growth behaviour described. Different asymptotic relations between transition rates lead to different growth patterns or regimes. Besides the regimes familiar in polymer crystal growth, several new ones are described. The aggregate can have a porous structure resembling thin solid films deposited from vapour. Two measures of porosity, one for the boundary and one for the bulk, are calculated. The process is relevant to growing colonies of bacteria or the like, to the spread of epidemics and grass or forest fires, and to voter models.

The Future of CMP

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Evans
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metals ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Mixed Metal Oxide ◽  
Current State ◽  
Microfabrication Technology ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Silicon Silicon

AbstractChemical–mechanical polishing, or planarization (CMP), is one of several advanced microfabrication processes that provide complementary capabilities for constructing advanced electronic devices. At the current state of the art, CMP demonstrates significant advantages due to its high degree of process flexibility, particularly in the chemical formulation of polishing solutions and slurries. This article explores some possible future applications of CMP using new advanced materials other than silicon, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride. Such materials may include refractory and noble metals, high-κ insulators, and mixed metal oxide perovskites. Although no one can predict future applications with absolute certainty, it seems safe to conclude that CMP will remain a key microfabrication technology for the foreseeable future.

Advances in Ultrasonic Disk Cutting and Precision Dimpling

1991 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Fischione ◽  
Thomas F. Kelly ◽  
Amber M. Dalley ◽  
Louis M. Holzman ◽  
David Dawson-Elli
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Metal Ceramic ◽  
Made In

AbstractMany of today's advanced materials are prepared using a combination of ultrasonic disk cutting, dimpling, and ion milling. In order to optimize the analytical results from a single specimen, several improvements have been made in instrumentation for ultrasonic disk cutting. Also, a system has been developed for detecting either at or near-electron transparency in TEM specimens. Both of these aspects are described. Examples are provided for silicon, metal/ceramic composites and blanket substrate layers for electronic devices.

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