scholarly journals Differences in Timber Volume Estimates Using Various Algorithms Available in the Control and Information Systems of Harvesters

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Löwe ◽  
Sedmíková ◽  
Natov ◽  
Jankovský ◽  
Hejcmanová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Timber Volume ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Volume Estimates ◽  
Volume Difference

Timber is the most important source of revenue in forestry and, therefore, is necessary to precisely estimate its volume. The share of timber volume produced by harvesters is annually growing in many European countries. Suitable settings of harvesters will allow us to achieve the most accurate volume estimates of the produced timber. In this study, we compared the different methods of log volume estimation applied by control and information systems of harvesters. The aim was to analyze the price categories that can be set up in the StanForD standard and to determine the differences between the algorithms used for log volume estimations. We obtained the data from *.STM files collected from March 2017 until June 2018 on a medium-size harvester. We analyzed price categories and found seven different algorithms used to estimate the log volumes. Log volume estimates according to Algorithm A2 were considered as standard because these estimates should be closest to the true log volumes. Significant differences, except the difference between Algorithm A2 and Algorithm A3, were found between log volumes estimated by different algorithms. After categorization of logs to assortments, the results showed that significant differences existed between algorithms in each assortment. In the roundwood assortment, which contains the most valuable logs, a difference of more than 6% was found between the log volumes estimated by Algorithm A5 and Algorithm A2. This is interesting because Algorithm A5 is widely used in some Central European countries. To obtain volumes closest to the true volumes, we should use Algorithm A2 for the harvester production outputs. The resulting differences between the algorithms can be used to estimate the volume difference between harvester outputs using the different price categories. Understanding this setting of harvesters and the differences between the price categories will provide users useful information in applied forest management.

scholarly journals Contribution of avoidable causes of death to premature mortality in Poland and selected European countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Wojtyniak ◽  
Jakub Stokwiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Difference

Our study, availing the new, agreed by the OECD and Eurostat, lists of preventable and treatable causes of death, seeks to quantify the contribution of avoidable causes to premature mortality and its dynamics in Poland and Central European countries – Czechia, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovenia, in comparison with Sweden serving as a benchmark country in 1999–2017. We calculated age standardised death rates for the broad groups of avoidable causes and more specific ones, which comprised preventable and treatable cancer and diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), preventable injuries and alcohol-related diseases. Deaths from not avoidable causes were also analysed. The analysis of time trends in the death rates and calculation of the Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) for the overall trend were performed with joint-point models. The contribution of changes in mortality from avoidable causes to increase life expectancy during 1999–2017 and contribution of the difference in mortality from these causes to the difference in life expectancy between five countries and Sweden were based on the decomposition of temporary life expectancy between birth and age 75 [e(0-75)]. For the calculation of life expectancy, we used the classic Chiang method and the decomposition of life expectancy by the death causes and age was conducted with the Arriaga method. The AAPC of death rates from avoidable causes in 1999–2017 was similar in all the countries but Lithuania, where the decline started later. The decline in the death rates from not avoidable causes is much slower than the rates from avoidable causes. Mortality from treatable causes was decreasing faster than from preventable causes in most populations. In 1999–2017, the average rate of mortality decline for preventable cancer was greater among men than among women, while for treatable cancer the sex-related differences were much smaller and in favour of women. As for preventable and treatable death from DCS, their decrease was faster among women than men in all the countries but Sweden. Improvements in mortality from causes that could be avoided through prevention or treatment made substantial positive contributions to the overall change in life expectancy in all the countries. The differences in temporary life expectancy e(0-75) between the analysed Central European countries and Sweden were much smaller in 2017 than in 1999, due to the reduction of the gap in mortality from avoidable causes. Our results show that among men, and to a lesser extent among women, mortality from preventable causes contributes more than mortality from causes that can be effectively treated to shorter life expectancy in the countries of Central Europe than in Sweden. This indicates that in reducing the health gap between the inhabitants of Central Europe and Western Europe, the healthcare system should consider disease prevention even to a greater extent than just treating them.

scholarly journals Evaluation of relation between investments and savings in Central European countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Palát
Keyword(s):  
Regression Function ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Central European ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
The Difference

The paper is aimed at the evaluation of a relationship between the rate of investments and the rate of savings in selected Central European countries. A reference period for the analysis is 1995–2009. In all analysed Central European countries, the rate of investments permanently exceeded (but exceptions) the rate of savings in the period under investigation. Through fitting the development series of a calculated indicator as a difference of the rate of investments and the rate of savings in monitored countries by a polynomial of the second degree it was possible to compare developmental trends of this indicator in particular countries involved in this analysis. Polynomial trends of the difference indicator of the rate of investments and the rate of savings in Central European countries in the monitored period indicate similar developmental tendencies characterized (at the beginning of the reference period) by increasing the imbalance of the rate of investments and the rate of savings (on average until about 2003) and then by follow-up tendencies towards the gradual return to the balance. For the purpose of comparison, a difference was also monitored between the rate of investments and the rate of savings in EU15 countries as a whole, which permanently fluctuated around zero. The mean value of this indicator amounted to 0.11% for the period 1995–2009. Thus, in EU15 countries, the rate of investments roughly corresponded to the rate of savings (on a long-term basis). Based on this analysis, it follows that there is a correlation between the rate of investments and the rate of savings. Calculated parameters of particular regression functions are presented as Results in this paper. Indices of correlation and types of a regression function were calculated for particular countries. For the Czech Republic, these results are statistically highly significant using all three types of regression functions. In Poland, they can be indicated as statistically significant using the polynomial of the second and third degrees similarly as in Slovakia. In Hungary, already the use of a polynomial of the first degree results in statistically significant results. Using a polynomial of the third degree gives statistically highly significant results. The intertemporal analysis of investments and savings presented in this paper can be also used and developed as part of the problem of an intertemporal approach to the balance of payments.

scholarly journals Segregação Socioespacial e os Espaços Residenciais Fechados em Cidades Médias / Socioespacial Segregation and Gated Communities in Medium Size Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (58) ◽  
pp. 847-866
Author(s):  
Ramony Pereira Batista ◽  
Anete Marília Pereira ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Bortolo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

No capitalismo contemporâneo, o espaço urbano é entendido enquanto mercadoria, sendo produzido em conformidade com interesses econômicos. Nesse sentido, é parcelado e comercializado como produto imobiliário, e se insere no processo de acumulação do capital e do lucro. Em consequência disso, a cidade produzida coletivamente é apropriada individualmente, favorecendo o estabelecimento de uma cidade fragmentada, contraditória e conflituosa. A segregação socioespacial aprofunda e ratifica as diferenças e a hierarquia dos lugares na cidade, tendo nos Espaços Residenciais Fechados – ERFs – sua materialização. O presente artigo objetiva refletir sobre a segregação socioespacial na sua relação com os condomínios residenciais fechados tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de Montes Claros/MG. Para isso foi utilizada uma metodologia de pesquisa constituída por revisão bibliográfica e trabalho de campo. Como resultado, verificou-se que também em Montes Claros essa forma de morar deixa evidente a diferença no acesso à cidade, sendo esse mediado pelo poder aquisitivos dos moradores. A partir dos anos de 1990 ocorreu a implantação de vários condomínios na porção sudoeste da cidade, área onde vive uma população com maior renda.Palavras chaves: cidade, segregação socioespacial, espaços residenciais fechados, Montes Claros.AbstractIn contemporary capitalism, urban space is understood as a commodity, being produced by economic interests. In this sense, it is parcelled out and marketed as a real estate product, and it is part of the process of accumulation of capital and profit. As a consequence, the city produced collectively is individually appropriated, favouring the establishment of a fragmented, contradictory and conflicting city. Socio-spatial segregation deepens and ratifies the differences and hierarchy of places in the city; such a process has in a gated community - its materialisation. The present article aims to reflect on the socio-spatial segregation in its relationship with the gated community having as a case study the city of Montes Claros / MG. A research methodology was used to achieve that, consisting of bibliographical review and fieldwork. As a result, it was also verified that in Montes Claros this way of living makes evident the difference in access to the city, which is mediated by the purchasing power of the residents. Starting in the 1990s, several condominiums were set up in the southwest portion of the city, where a population with higher income lives.Keywords: city, socio-spatial segregation, closed residential spaces, Montes Claros.

scholarly journals Problems in Ceuthorrhynchus spp. Control on rapeseed in the region of Serbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusanka Indjic ◽  
Slavica Vukovic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Vojislava Bursic ◽  
Dragana Sunjka
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Central European ◽  
Maximum Abundance ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Rapeseed Production ◽  
Set Up

A global trend of intensive rapeseed production as a sustainable source of energy has also been accepted in our region, but intensified production results have increased pest populations in that crop. Central European countries with a long tradition of rapeseed production have ample data on pest biology, control and effects of insecticide applications, but such data are almost nonexistant under our regional conditions. In the light of this fact, the objective of our study was to determine the optimal time for insecticide applications for controlling pest species of the genus Ceuthorrynchus. Trials were set up using standard OEPP methods with certain adaptations concerning the pest species. The insecticides based on chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin, applied at the rates of 0.5 l/ha and 0.75 l/ha, and deltamethrin at 0.3 l/ha, were applied a) once - at maximum abundance of adults, and b) twice - first at maximum abundance, and then eight days later. The trials were set up at two localities - Kac and Kovilj. Insecticide effects were evaluated based on the number of adults per 20 plants, the number of damaged plants and the number of larvae per plant. After single application of the insecticides chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin (0.5 and 0.75 l/ha) and deltamethrin (0.3 l/ha) in the locality of Kac, the percentage of infested plants was 1.25%, 36% and 75% (respectively), and 95% in untreated plots; while 75% and 22.5% of the plants were infested in the locality of Kovilj after chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin application, 95% after deltamethrin application, and 97.5% in untreated plots. Insecticide effect estimated by the number of larvae/plant was 0 and 0.4 for chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin, 1.4 for deltamethrin and 3.3 for untreated surface in the locality of Kac; while in the locality of Kovilj the effect of chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin was 1.4 and 0.1, deltamethrin 3.9, and 5.2 larvae/plant in untreated plots. After two insecticide applications in Kac, the percentage of infested plants was 13.7% and 16.2% after chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin treatment, 62.5% after deltamethrin and 95% in untreated plots. In Kovilj, the percentage of infested plants was 22% and 17% after the application of chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin, 79% after deltamethrin, and 97.5% on untreated surface. The insecticide effect shown by the number of larvae/plant was 0.12 and 0.13 for chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin, 1.7 for deltamethrin and 3.3 on untreated surface in the locality of Kac. In Kovilj, the corresponding data were 0.16 and 0.08 for chlorpyrifos + bifenthrin, 1.4 for deltamethrin and 5.2 larvae/plant for the untreated surface.

Experimental Investigation into Driver Behavior along Curved and Parallel Diverging Terminals of Exit Interchange Ramps

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199742
Author(s):  
Alberto Portera ◽  
Marco Bassani
Keyword(s):  
Design Stage ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Current Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Safety Countermeasures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Curve Radius

Current design manuals provide guidance on how to design exit ramps to facilitate driving operations and minimize the incidence of crashes. They also suggest that interchanges should be built along straight roadway sections. These criteria may prove ineffective in situations where there is no alternative to terminals being located along curved motorway segments. The paper investigates driving behavior along parallel deceleration curved terminals, with attention paid to the difference in impact between terminals having a curvature which is the same sign as the motorway segment (i.e., continue design), and those having an opposite curvature (i.e., reverse design). A driving simulation study was set up to collect longitudinal and transversal driver behavioral data in response to experimental factor variations. Forty-eight drivers were stratified on the basis of age and gender, and asked to drive along three randomly assigned circuits with off-ramps obtained by combining experimental factors such as motorway mainline curve radius (2 values), terminal length (3), curve direction (2), and traffic conditions (2). The motorway radius was found to be significant for drivers’ preferred speed when approaching the terminal. Terminal length and traffic volume do not have a significant impact on either longitudinal or transversal driver outputs. However, the effect of curve direction was found to be significant, notably for reverse terminals which do not compel drivers to select appropriate speeds and lane change positions. This terminal type can give rise to critical driving situations that should be considered at the design stage to facilitate the adoption of appropriate safety countermeasures.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Case of Central Europe

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3415
Author(s):  
Bartosz Jóźwik ◽  
Antonina-Victoria Gavryshkiv ◽  
Phouphet Kyophilavong ◽  
Lech Euzebiusz Gruszecki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Central European ◽  
Long Run

The rapid economic growth observed in Central European countries in the last thirty years has been the result of profound political changes and economic liberalization. This growth is partly connected with reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, the problem of CO2 emissions seems to remain unresolved. The aim of this paper is to test whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds true for Central European countries in an annual sample data that covers 1995–2016 in most countries. We examine cointegration by applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing. This is the first study examining the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in individual Central European countries from a long-run perspective, which allows the results to be compared. We confirmed the cointegration, but our estimates confirmed the EKC hypothesis only in Poland. It should also be noted that in all nine countries, energy consumption leads to increased CO2 emissions. The long-run elasticity ranges between 1.5 in Bulgaria and 2.0 in Croatia. We observed exceptionally low long-run elasticity in Estonia (0.49). Our findings suggest that to solve the environmental degradation problem in Central Europe, it is necessary to individualize the policies implemented in the European Union.

Pump Performance Improvement by Restraining Back Flow in Screw-Type Centrifugal Pump

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Tatebayashi ◽  
Kazuhiro Tanaka ◽  
Toshio Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Back Flow ◽  
Pump Performance ◽  
Impeller Outlet ◽  
Pump Head ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up

The authors have been investigating the various characteristics of screw-type centrifugal pumps, such as pressure fluctuations in impellers, flow patterns in volute casings, and pump performance in air-water two-phase flow conditions. During these investigations, numerical results of our investigations made it clear that three back flow regions existed in this type of pump. Among these, the back flow from the volute casing toward the impeller outlet was the most influential on the pump performance. Thus the most important factor to achieve higher pump performance was to reduce the influence of this back flow. One simple method was proposed to obtain the restraint of back flow and so as to improve the pump performance. This method was to set up a ringlike wall at the suction cover casing between the impeller outlet and the volute casing. Its effects on the flow pattern and the pump performance have been discussed and clarified to compare the calculated results with experimental results done under two conditions, namely, one with and one without this ring-type wall. The influence of wall’s height on the pump head was investigated by numerical simulations. In addition, the difference due to the wall’s effect was clarified to compare its effects on two kinds of volute casing. From the results obtained it can be said that restraining the back flow of such pumps was very important to achieve higher pump performance. Furthermore, another method was suggested to restrain back flow effectively. This method was to attach a wall at the trailing edge of impeller. This method was very useful for avoiding the congestion of solids because this wall was smaller than that used in the first method. The influence of these factors on the pump performance was also discussed by comparing simulated calculations with actual experiments.

A Security Power Defense System Based on Cloud Computing

2014 ◽  
Vol 701-702 ◽  
pp. 919-922
Author(s):  
Hong Fei Xu ◽  
Si Rui Pang ◽  
Jian Wen Du ◽  
Xue Mei Li
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Secondary System ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Network Scheduling ◽  
Network Partition ◽  
Network Information ◽  
System Information ◽  
Set Up

A system includes three power information security defense line is constructed, to achieve the information network, information outside the network, scheduling data network depth protection. According to the information security protection requirements, starting from the overall structure of information systems, taking into account the information system to schedule production system as the core, based on independent research and development of core information security isolation unit, set up three lines of defense in the power of information systems, electricity secondary system, information network systems, information systems outside the network partition protection.

Internationalization of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises from Selected Central European Economies

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Svetličič ◽  
Andreja Jaklič ◽  
Anže Burger
Keyword(s):  
Medium Size ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Economies

For the Victims of Pseudo-Medical Experiments

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (104) ◽  
pp. 646-647
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
Second World War ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Central European ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
Second World

Twenty-five years after the second World War, the International Committee of the Red Cross is still dealing with claims for compensation from people living in certain Central European countries who were victims of pseudo-medical experiments in German concentration camps.

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