Different Responses of Cytoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Hsp90 Genes from Eogystia hippophaecola (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) to Cold Stress

Eogystia hippophaecola Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is an important borer pest of the sea buckthorn forest (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in China. Its larvae, which are highly cold tolerant, mainly overwinter in sea buckthorn roots. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important molecular chaperones that have been linked to cold tolerance in insects. In this study, we cloned the open reading frames (ORFs) of two Hsp90 genes from E. hippophaecola, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2, and analyzed their expression under cold stress by qRT-PCR. EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 are 2154 and 2346 bp in length, respectively, encoding 717 and 781 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the conserved signature sequences of the Hsp90 family and the C-terminus characteristic sequence of cytoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the amino acid sequences of EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 were very similar to the corresponding proteins from Lepidoptera. Under various low-temperature treatments lasting 2 h, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 exhibited similar expression patterns, increasing first and then decreasing. At −5 °C, EhHsp90-1 was significantly up-regulated after 12 h, whereas EhHsp90-2 was up-regulated after just 1 h and reached its highest level at 2 h; however, the overall degree of upregulation was greater for EhHsp90-1. Subsequently, the expression level of EhHsp90-2 fluctuated with time. Our results suggest that the two Hsp90s play important roles in E. hippophaecola larvae response to cold stress, but that their response times and the magnitudes of their responses to low-temperature stress differed significantly, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance in E. hippophaecola larvae.

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Transcriptomic profiling of germinating seeds under cold stress and characterization of the cold-tolerant gene LTG5 in rice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31809/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yinghua Pan ◽

Haifu Liang ◽

Lijun Gao ◽

Gaoxing Dai ◽

Weiwei Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Wild Rice ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Oryza Rufipogon ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Cold Tolerant ◽

Cold Sensitive

Abstract Background: Wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is an important germplasm resource for rice improvement. It has superior tolerance for many abiotic stresses including cold stress, but little is known about the mechanism underlying its resistance to cold. Low temperature is one of the most prevalent factors that limit rice productivity and geographical distribution.Results: This study aimed to elucidate the molecular genetic mechanisms of wild rice in tolerating low temperature. Comprehensive transcriptome profiles of two rice genotypes (cold-sensitive ce 253 and cold-tolerant Y12-4) at the germinating stage under cold stress were comparatively analyzed. A total of 42.44–68.71 million readings were obtained, resulting in the alignment of 29128 and 30131 genes in genotypes 253 and Y12-4, respectively. Many common and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed in cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant genotypes. Results showed more upregulated DEGs in cold-tolerant genotypes than in cold-sensitive genotypes at four stages under cold stress. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated more upregulated genes than downregulated ones in cold-tolerant genotypes based on cellular process, metabolic process, response stimulus, membrane part, and catalytic activity. To confirm the RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) data, Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on seven randomly selected DEGs. These genes showed similar expression patterns corresponding with the RNA-Seq method. We also explored a gene for cold tolerance LTG5 , encoding a UDP-glucosyltransferase. The overexpression of LTG5 gene conferred cold tolerance to indica rice.Conclusion: Overall, our results suggested that gene resources related to cold stress from wild rice can be valuable for improving the cold tolerance of crop plants.

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Transcriptomic profiling of germinating seeds under cold stress and characterization of the cold-tolerant gene LTG5 in rice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31809/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yinghua Pan ◽

Haifu Liang ◽

Lijun Gao ◽

Gaoxing Dai ◽

Weiwei Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Wild Rice ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Cold Tolerant ◽

Cold Sensitive ◽

Sensitive Genotype ◽

Tolerant Genotype

Abstract Background: Low temperature is a limiting factor of rice productivity and geographical distribution. Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is an important germplasm resource for rice improvement. It has superior tolerance to many abiotic stresses, including cold stress, but little is known about the mechanism underlying its resistance to cold. Results: This study elucidated the molecular genetic mechanisms of wild rice in tolerating low temperature. Comprehensive transcriptome profiles of two rice genotypes (cold-sensitive ce 253 and cold-tolerant Y12-4) at the germinating stage under cold stress were comparatively analyzed. A total of 42.44–68.71 million readings were obtained, resulting in the alignment of 29 128 and 30 131 genes in genotypes 253 and Y12-4, respectively. Many common and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed in the cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant genotypes. Results showed more upregulated DEGs in the cold-tolerant genotype than in the cold-sensitive genotype at four stages under cold stress. Gene ontology enrichment analyses based on cellular process, metabolic process, response stimulus, membrane part, and catalytic activity indicated more upregulated genes than downregulated ones in the cold-tolerant genotype than in the cold-sensitive genotype. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on seven randomly selected DEGs to confirm the RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) data. These genes showed similar expression patterns corresponding with the RNA-Seq method. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis（WGCNA）revealed Y12-4 showed more positive genes than 253 under cold stress. We also explored the cold tolerance gene LTG5 (Low Temperature Growth 5) encoding a UDP-glucosyltransferase. The overexpression of the LTG5 gene conferred cold tolerance to indica rice. Conclusion: Gene resources related to cold stress from wild rice can be valuable for improving the cold tolerance of crops.

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Genome-Wide Analysis of the NAC Transcription Factor Gene Family Reveals Differential Expression Patterns and Cold-Stress Responses in the Woody Plant Prunus mume

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes9100494 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 494 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Xiaokang Zhuo ◽

Tangchun Zheng ◽

Zhiyong Zhang ◽

Yichi Zhang ◽

Liangbao Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Stress ◽

Gene Family ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Freezing Stress ◽

Prunus Mume ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Freezing Resistance

NAC transcription factors (TFs) participate in multiple biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stress responses, signal transduction and development. Cold stress can adversely impact plant growth and development, thereby limiting agricultural productivity. Prunus mume, an excellent horticultural crop, is widely cultivated in Asian countries. Its flower can tolerate freezing-stress in the early spring. To investigate the putative NAC genes responsible for cold-stress, we identified and analyzed 113 high-confidence PmNAC genes and characterized them by bioinformatics tools and expression profiles. These PmNACs were clustered into 14 sub-families and distributed on eight chromosomes and scaffolds, with the highest number located on chromosome 3. Duplicated events resulted in a large gene family; 15 and 8 pairs of PmNACs were the result of tandem and segmental duplicates, respectively. Moreover, three membrane-bound proteins (PmNAC59/66/73) and three miRNA-targeted genes (PmNAC40/41/83) were identified. Most PmNAC genes presented tissue-specific and time-specific expression patterns. Sixteen PmNACs (PmNAC11/19/20/23/41/48/58/74/75/76/78/79/85/86/103/111) exhibited down-regulation during flower bud opening and are, therefore, putative candidates for dormancy and cold-tolerance. Seventeen genes (PmNAC11/12/17/21/29/42/30/48/59/66/73/75/85/86/93/99/111) were highly expressed in stem during winter and are putative candidates for freezing resistance. The cold-stress response pattern of 15 putative PmNACs was observed under 4 °C at different treatment times. The expression of 10 genes (PmNAC11/20/23/40/42/48/57/60/66/86) was upregulated, while 5 genes (PmNAC59/61/82/85/107) were significantly inhibited. The putative candidates, thus identified, have the potential for breeding the cold-tolerant horticultural plants. This study increases our understanding of functions of the NAC gene family in cold tolerance, thereby potentially intensifying the molecular breeding programs of woody plants.

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Identification of cold stress responsive microRNAs in cold tolerant and susceptible Hemerocallis fulva by high throughput sequencing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41470/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Changbing Huang ◽

Chun Jiang ◽

limin Jin ◽

Huanchao Zhang

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Target Genes ◽

Low Temperature Stress ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽

Cold Tolerant

Abstract Background:Hemerocallis fulva is a perennial herb belonging to Hemerocallis of Hemerocallis. Because of the large and bright colors, it is often used as a garden ornamental plant. But most varieties of H. fulva on the market will wither in winter, which will affect their beauty. It is very important to study the effect of low temperature stress on the physiological indexes of H. fulva and understand the cold tolerance of different H. fulva. MiRNA is a kind of endogenous non coding small molecular RNA with length of 21-24nt. It mainly inhibits protein translation by cutting target genes, and plays an important role in the development of organisms, gene expression and biological stress. Low temperature is the main abiotic stress affecting the production of H. fulva in China, which hinders the growth and development of plants. A comprehensive understanding of the expression pattern of microRNA in H. fulva under low temperature stress can improve our understanding of microRNA mediated stress response. Although there are many studies on miRNAs of various plants under cold stress at home and abroad, there are few studies on miRNAs related to cold stress of H. fulva. It is of great significance to explore the cold stress resistant gene resources of H. fulva, especially the identification and functional research of miRNA closely related to cold stress, for the breeding of excellent H. fulva.Results A total of 5619 cold-responsive miRNAs, 315 putative novel and 5 304 conserved miRNAs, were identified from the leaves and roots of two different varieties ‘Jinyan’ (cold-tolerant) and ‘Lucretius ’ (cold-sensitive), which were stressed under -4 oC for 24 h. Twelve conserved and three novel miRNAs (novel-miR10, novel-miR19 and novel-miR48) were differentially expressed in leaves of ‘Jinyan’ under cold stress. Novel-miR19, novel-miR29 and novel-miR30 were up-regulated in roots of ‘Jinyan’ under cold stress. Thirteen and two conserved miRNAs were deferentially expressed in leaves and roots of ‘Lucretius’ after cold stress. The deferentially expressed miRNAs between two cultivars under cold stress include novel miRNAs and the members of the miR156, miR166 and miR319 families. A total of 6 598 target genes for 6 516 known miRNAs and 82 novel miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatic analysis, mainly involved in metabolic processes and stress responses. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs and predicted target genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR(q-PCR), and the expressional changes of target genes were negatively correlated to differentially expressed miRNAs. Our data indicated that some candidate miRNAs (e.g., miR156a-3-p, miR319a, and novel-miR19) may play important roles in plant response to cold stress.Conclusions Our study indicates that some putative target genes and miRNA mediated metabolic processes and stress responses are significant to cold tolerance in H. fulva.

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Molecular Analysis of pDL10 from Acidianus ambivalens Reveals a Family of Related Plasmids from Extremely Thermophilic and Acidophilic Archaea

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/152.4.1307 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 152 (4) ◽

pp. 1307-1314

Author(s):

Arnulf Kletzin ◽

Angelika Lieke ◽

Tim Urich ◽

Robert L Charlebois ◽

Christoph W Sensen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Regulatory Protein ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Mung Bean Nuclease ◽

Stem Loop ◽

Rolling Circle ◽

Rep Protein ◽

Homologous Protein ◽

Rep Proteins

Abstract The 7598-bp plasmid pDL10 from the extremely thermophilic, acidophilic, and chemolithoautotrophic Archaeon Acidianus ambivalens was sequenced. It contains 10 open reading frames (ORFs) organized in five putative operons. The deduced amino acid sequence of the largest ORF (909 aa) showed similarity to bacterial Rep proteins known from phages and plasmids with rolling-circle (RC) replication. From the comparison of the amino acid sequences, a novel family of RC Rep proteins was defined. The pDL10 Rep protein shared 45-80% identical residues with homologous protein genes encoded by the Sulfolobus islandicus plasmids pRN1 and pRN2. Two DNA regions capable of forming extended stem-loop structures were also conserved in the three plasmids (48-69% sequence identity). In addition, a putative plasmid regulatory protein gene (plrA) was found, which was conserved among the three plasmids and the conjugative Sulfolobus plasmid pNOB8. A homolog of this gene was also found in the chromosome of S. solfataricus. Single-stranded DNA of both pDL10 strands was detected with a mung bean nuclease protection assay using PCR detection of protected fragments, giving additional evidence for an RC mechanism of replication.

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Molecular cloning, characterization and tissue specificity of the expression in the TAC1 genes from Henan Huai goat (Capra hircus)

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1025 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zhilong Tian ◽

Yuqin Wang ◽

Huibin Shi ◽

Zhibo Wu ◽

Xiaohui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Full Length ◽

Capra Hircus ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Relative Molecular Weight ◽

Rapid Amplification ◽

And Function

To further to understand the structure and function of the TAC1 gene, we cloned the full-length cDNAs of the TAC1 genes from goat by rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR and the qRT-PCR was used to analyze the TAC1 mRNA expression patterns of goat various tissues. The full-length cDNA of goat TAC1 was 1176 bp, with a 339 bp open reading frame encoding 112 amino acids. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that goat TAC1 gene encoded a water-drain protein and its relative molecular weight and isoelectric point was 13,012.86 Da and 6.29 respectively. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that their amino acid sequences were highly similar to those of other vertebrates. TAC1 expression of the goat of the brain, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, uterus, ovaries. These results serve as a foundation for further study on the Capra hircus TAC1 gene.

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Association of qLTG3-1 with germination stage cold tolerance in diverse rice germplasm from the Indian subcontinent

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262113000142 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 206-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Clarissa Challam ◽

Gayle Alisha Kharshing ◽

Julia S. Yumnam ◽

Mayank Rai ◽

Wricha Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Rice Germplasm ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Rice Genotypes

Low temperature is a major constraint for crop productivity. To cope with this challenge, plants have developed several mechanisms to adapt to low temperature. Developing breeding strategies to enhance cold stress tolerance in crops requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants perceive and transmit cold stress-related signals to their cellular machinery, thereby activating adaptive responses. Only one quantitative trait locus for tolerance to low-temperature germination, qLTG3-1, has been narrowed down to the gene level in rice. A 71 bp indel that can be used to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible parents has been identified. We tested the 71 bp indel on 65 diverse rice genotypes including those adapted to colder climates of North and Northeastern India to find evidence of the tolerant allele (insertion) and to see whether it is associated with low-temperature germinability in these genotypes. Our results show that 48% of the rice genotypes tested carried the tolerant allele. The insertion was found to be significantly associated with cold tolerance during germination. Moreover, several landraces/improved varieties known for their superior performance in other abiotic stress conditions such as drought and high salinity conditions, and which were previously never exposed to low temperature, carry the beneficial allele for qLTG3-1, suggesting an additional role of this allele in adverse climatic conditions. This study enhances current understanding of the distribution of the tolerant allele qLTG3-1 in rice germplasm, which could help in the identification of suitable donors for potential marker-assisted breeding programmes.

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Characterization of Novel Carbazole Catabolism Genes from Gram-Positive Carbazole Degrader Nocardioides aromaticivorans IC177

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.5.3321-3329.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 3321-3329 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Kengo Inoue ◽

Hiroshi Habe ◽

Hisakazu Yamane ◽

Hideaki Nojiri

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Class Iii ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Mononuclear Iron ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT Nocardioides aromaticivorans IC177 is a gram-positive carbazole degrader. The genes encoding carbazole degradation (car genes) were cloned into a cosmid clone and sequenced partially to reveal 19 open reading frames. The car genes were clustered into the carAaCBaBbAcAd and carDFE gene clusters, encoding the enzymes responsible for the degradation of carbazole to anthranilate and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate and of 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate to pyruvic acid and acetyl coenzyme A, respectively. The conserved amino acid motifs proposed to bind the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and mononuclear iron, the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and flavin adenine dinucleotide were found in the deduced amino acid sequences of carAa, carAc, and carAd, respectively, which showed similarities with CarAa from Sphingomonas sp. strain KA1 (49% identity), CarAc from Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10 (31% identity), and AhdA4 from Sphingomonas sp. strain P2 (37% identity), respectively. Escherichia coli cells expressing CarAaAcAd exhibited major carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase (CARDO) activity. These data showed that the IC177 CARDO is classified into class IIB, while gram-negative CARDOs are classified into class III or IIA, indicating that the respective CARDOs have diverse types of electron transfer components and high similarities of the terminal oxygenase. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) experiments showed that the carAaCBaBbAcAd and carDFE gene clusters are operonic. The results of quantitative RT-PCR experiments indicated that transcription of both operons is induced by carbazole or its metabolite, whereas anthranilate is not an inducer. Biotransformation analysis showed that the IC177 CARDO exhibits significant activities for naphthalene, carbazole, and dibenzo-p-dioxin but less activity for dibenzofuran and biphenyl.

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Effects of food sources on the fecundity and gene expression of vitellogenin and its receptor from Amblyseius eharai (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.25.1.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 139-154

Author(s):

Ji Wang ◽

Tianrong Xin ◽

Xianyan Ye ◽

Xinyu Huang ◽

Shangren Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Patterns ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Food Sources ◽

Hatching Rate ◽

Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽

Reproductive Process ◽

Arthropod Species ◽

Positive Correlations

Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) play key roles in the reproductive process and development of many arthropod species, including Amblyseius eharai, a dominant natural enemy of spider mites and other small pests. In this study, impacts of different food on A. eharai fecundity were investigated. Two Vg genes (AeVg1 and AeVg2) and AeVgR genes were cloned, with their expression pattern analyzed. When fed with different foods including Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Aleuroglyphus ovatus and Camellia oleifera pollen, the number of eggs for each female of A. eharai was influenced significantly (P<0.05), while the hatching rate of eggs not signiﬁcantly (P>0.05). The open reading frames of AeVg1, AeVg2 and AeVgR were 5673, 5634 and 5597 bp, encoding 1857, 1851 and 1830 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences between the AeVgs and AeVgR and 35 other Vg and VgRs from other arthropod species showed that A. eharai AeVg1 was related most closely to Neoseiulus barkeri Vg1, AeVg2 was related most closely to Neoseiulus cucumeris Vg2, AeVgR was most similar to Varroa jacobsori VgR. AeVgs and AeVgR had similar expression patterns: the highest expression was observed in the oviposition female stage, and the highest expression was observed in A. eharai fed with C. oleifera pollen. Positive correlations between expression of AeVgs and AeVgR and fecundity were observed. These results will help us understand the molecular mechanism of the reproductive capacity in A. eharai.

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The Methylation Patterns and Transcriptional Responses to Chilling Stress at the Seedling Stage in Rice

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5089 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hui Guo ◽

Tingkai Wu ◽

Shuxing Li ◽

Qiang He ◽

Zhanlie Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

Chilling Stress ◽

Low Temperature Stress ◽

Expression Level ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Cold Tolerant

Chilling stress is considered the major abiotic stress affecting the growth, development, and yield of rice. To understand the transcriptomic responses and methylation regulation of rice in response to chilling stress, we analyzed a cold-tolerant variety of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. P427). The physiological properties, transcriptome, and methylation of cold-tolerant P427 seedlings under low-temperature stress (2–3 °C) were investigated. We found that P427 exhibited enhanced tolerance to low temperature, likely via increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and promoting the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA). The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq) data showed that the number of methylation-altered genes was highest in P427 (5496) and slightly lower in Nipponbare (Nip) and 9311 (4528 and 3341, respectively), and only 2.7% (292) of methylation genes were detected as common differentially methylated genes (DMGs) related to cold tolerance in the three varieties. Transcriptome analyses revealed that 1654 genes had specifically altered expression in P427 under cold stress. These genes mainly belonged to transcription factor families, such as Myeloblastosis (MYB), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (AP2-EREBP), NAM-ATAF-CUC (NAC) and WRKY. Fifty-one genes showed simultaneous methylation and expression level changes. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that genes involved in the ICE (inducer of CBF expression)-CBF (C-repeat binding factor)—COR (cold-regulated) pathway were highly expressed under cold stress, including the WRKY genes. The homologous gene Os03g0610900 of the open stomatal 1 (OST1) in rice was obtained by evolutionary tree analysis. Methylation in Os03g0610900 gene promoter region decreased, and the expression level of Os03g0610900 increased, suggesting that cold stress may lead to demethylation and increased gene expression of Os03g0610900. The ICE-CBF-COR pathway plays a vital role in the cold tolerance of the rice cultivar P427. Overall, this study demonstrates the differences in methylation and gene expression levels of P427 in response to low-temperature stress, providing a foundation for further investigations of the relationship between environmental stress, DNA methylation, and gene expression in rice.

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