scholarly journals Determinants of Bilateral REDD+ Cooperation Recipients in Kyoto Protocol Regime and Their Implications in Paris Agreement Regime

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Dong-hwan Kim ◽  
Do-hun Kim ◽  
Hyun Seok Kim ◽  
Seong-il Kim ◽  
Dong-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Frailty Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cooperative Approach ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Recipient Need ◽  
Donor Interest

A cooperative approach for REDD+ between developing and developed countries can be a sound means to achieve national and global mitigation targets. To accomplish the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of countries and the global 2 °C climate target more effectively, it is necessary to explore the coordination options, based on the understanding of bilateral REDD+ cooperation. This study explains the current status of bilateral REDD+ cooperation and investigates determinants affecting REDD+ recipient decisions of donor countries, by analyzing bilateral REDD+ arrangements, which has been promoted for 10 years under the the Kyoto Protocol regime from 2006 until 2015. The results show that Norway and Japan supported more than half of the total financial pledges for bilateral REDD+ projects for 10 years. Out of 87 REDD+ recipients, four countries—Brazil, India, Indonesia, and China—accounted for more than half of the 10-year financial pledges. Approximately 78% of total financing was found to be concentrated in the top 10 recipients. The aid darlings and orphans problem, the concentration of bilateral supports in a few developing countries and the exclusion of several developing countries from the recipient selection process, which has been discussed in ODA researches, was also observed. Applying a shared frailty model, recipient need, recipient merit, and donor interest was found to be the main determinants of donors’ REDD+ recipient decision. Donor interest and recipient merit were found to have more significant effects on the decision than recipient need. A balanced two-track approach is further required, in which, along with the bilateral REDD+ cooperation in the REDD+ darling countries, international organizations and multilateral funds for REDD+ need to increase financial accessibility, including the result-based compensation system for the REDD+ orphan countries.

Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddln
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Population Crisis ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT STATUS AND STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Material Recovery

The increasing anthropogenic activities as a result of significant growth in population, urbanization, and industrialization has resulted in a tremendous amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). The municipal authorities are under extreme pressure from the epidemiological evidence towards human and environment as a result of injudicious waste disposal to landfills without any material recovery. In this article, the current status and limitations in treating MSW by the developing countries have been overviewed with a case study from Peshawar-Pakistan. The daily waste production in Peshawar city is about 650.8 tons with 0.4 kg/capita/day. Among the total waste, food waste contributes 14.3% fallowed by plastic waste (4%), paper (2.7%), glass (1.2%), wood (1.1%) and metals/rubber (0.6%). The waste collection efficiency is very low and about 40% of waste are collected whereas 60% of the waste remains in streets or at collection points. Currently there well-organized and specialized waste management practices such as composting, incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biological treatment, and recycling for treating waste according to environmental deliberation. The directives of the developed countries had strictly imposed the regulations to increase the waste recycling and material recovery whereas in the developing countries the lack of proper legislation, planning, awareness regarding waste reduction has worsened the municipal solid waste-related problems. Moreover, in this article, an attempt has been made towards various important steps that need to incorporate in formulating the strategy for sustainable MSW management along with various aspects for their assessment in term of their sustainability in the developing countries.

Forest certification in developing countries: current status and hindrances to its adoption within a macro-framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
L. Xu ◽  
A.J. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Governance Capacity ◽  
Market Responses ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Investment Firm ◽  
State Form

Forest certification has been widely hailed for its positive impacts on implementing sustainable forest management. Despite various adjustments to promote its adoption, most of the world's certified forests are in developed countries, with about 87% in Europe and North America. To analyse the reasons for the slow certification uptake in the developing world, two rounds of literature searches were conducted, and the hindrances identified were then discussed under six themes: forest quality, socioeconomic interactions, governance capacity, certification investment, firm expectations and market responses, and risk aversion and the attitude-behaviour gap. Among them, conventional institutions and governance are the most restrictive constraints. Certification, while a non-state form of governance, may not exercise its regulatory power freely through the market without being impeded by the unfavourable contexts in which it takes hold. Finally, recommendations were proposed from the perspectives of politics, legislation, market, and certification schemes to resolve the hindrances in achieving certification.

Impact of Alzheimer's Disease in Nine Asian Countries

Gerontology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Han Yang ◽  
Kenichi Meguro ◽  
Sang-Yun Kim ◽  
Yong-Soo Shim ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Background: Asia will soon have the majority of demented patients in the world. Objective: To assess dementia using a uniform data system to update the current status of dementia in Asia. Methods: A uniformed data set was administered in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia to gather data with regard to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its related issues for these countries. Results: In total, 2,370 AD patients and their caregivers were recruited from 2011 to 2014. The demographic characteristics of these patients and the relationships between patients and caregivers were different among individuals in these countries (p < 0.001). Of note, the family history for having dementia was 8.2% for females in contrast to 3.2% for males. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the differences in dementia assessment and care in developing versus developed countries. Greater effort with regard to studying dementia, especially in developing countries, is necessary.

scholarly journals Political risk management practices of Multinational Corporations: their approaches to deal with developing countries under economic sanctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-247
Author(s):  
Yoel Modesto Gonzalez-Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Political Risk ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Determinants

This article explores adjustments to the traditional political risk management practices followed by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in their international operations to incorporate an increasingly concerning risk arising from the more frequent imposition of economic sanctions on developing countries over the last ten years for political purposes. In order to identify the main determinants of this risk and its consequences, a literature review is conducted, highlighting the models proposed by Tsebelis (1990) and Kakutami (2017) as the main frameworks to understand the dynamics for sanctions impositions, their frequency and the management of this risk by traditional MNCs from developed countries. Kakutami’s model is further enhanced in this article with a game theoretical model to understand the dynamic behavior of MNCs under this context, considering evidences of a growing presence in international markets of MNCs from developing countries, whose motivations for their expansion are explored. Finally, different political risk mitigating strategies are reviewed to explore their suitability to MNCs, with particular emphasis on the use of insurance to cover this risk and its effects on MNCs’ willingness to engage with sanctioned countries. As a general finding, from a reputational point of view, MNCs should take a more active role in their network analysis to identify their direct and indirect exposure to this risk, given the more frequent imposition of sanctions with an extraterritorial reach.

scholarly journals Inflation Sources Across Developed And Developing Countries; Panel Approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Nayef Al-Shammari ◽  
Mohammed Al-Sabaey
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Effective Exchange ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Effective Exchange Rate

This paper investigates the sources of inflation across a sample of countries in the world. The data set covers around fifty nine countries using yearly data over the period from 1970 through 2007. The model is estimated using a panel model with a random effects specification. Results indicate that the main determinants of inflation for developing countries are different than those for developed countries. Our findings show that the main determinants of inflation for developed countries include government spending, money supply growth, world oil prices, interest rate, nominal effective exchange rate, and population. Whereas, sources of inflation for developing countries are estimated to include government spending, money supply growth, world oil prices, and the nominal effective exchange rate. Findings also report that there is no significant evidence for factors such as interest rate and population to affect the general price levels in developing countries.

scholarly journals MANAGERIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PRODUCTIVITY OF APPAREL MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN HOCHIMINH CITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Loan Thi Kim Tran ◽  
Hung Nguyen Bui
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Firm Productivity ◽  
Apparel Manufacturing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Main Determinants

Productivity is playing a significant role in economic development of a nation. In the context of global and regional competition, productivity is critically important to industries in general and to firms/enterprises in a paucity. Especially, to developing countries, labour productivity is one of the most crucial determinants. A number of existing literature have involved productivity and factors influencing productivity in different ways and perspectives. However, most past studies have examined productivity across developed countries which may have conditions differ significantly from those of developing countries such as Vietnam. Alternately, based on results/findings of the previous empirical studies, researchers have just proposed a portfolio of factors having an effect on firm productivity. Moreover, there is a lack of an appropriate theoretical model into and out of these works. Therefore, this paper aims to bridge the gap in existing knowledge. The work introduces three sections. The first involves reviewing related literature on research topic. Seeking published and un published information relating to productivity area helps author to put forward a model which dig for main determinants to exert an impact on firm productivity. The second demonstrates quantitative research about key factors governing productivity of textile and garment firms/enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City. The last proposes a need for further research to test the recommended theoretical model.

scholarly journals Present at the Creation

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The Creation

In this chapter, India’s lead negotiator for the framework convention recalls that the negotiations were marked by deep differences between developed and developing countries (though there were also significant divergences within these groups). Developing countries pressed for an equity-based agreement, maintaining that developed countries should accept their responsibility for precipitating climate change. They called on industrialized countries to accept time-bound emission reduction obligations and to transfer finance and technology to support voluntary mitigation actions by developing countries. The Convention recognized that voluntary obligations agreed upon by developing countries were conditional on receipt of financial resources to cover all incremental costs. However, developed countries accepted only an ambiguously worded emission stabilization commitment. This deficiency was rectified by the Kyoto Protocol 1997, which prescribed time-bound emission reduction targets for each developed country. The Paris Agreement 2015 halted this line of progress, marking a reversal to the ‘pledge and review’ approach rejected in 1991.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in Mexico: a brief overview of the current status and its causes

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Amabile-Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

As in many other developing countries, conditions that may foster antibiotic resistance in Mexico differ from developed countries, and so resistance prevalence. Fecal pollution and other traits of overcrowded, poor cities, might create ideal settings for selecting, exchanging and maintaining resistance traits. Medical abuse of antibiotics, along with low-quality drugs, are also present as in many developing countries. Self-prescription, a common yet unmeasured practice among Mexican population, may also contribute to increased resistance rates. Pneumococcal resistance towards penicillin and macrolides are the highest in Latin American countries, as is resistance of Salmonella and uropathogenic Escherichia coli towards ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; about one tenth of isolates of these gram-negative pathogens seem to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). High rates of multiple-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis are also found in Mexico, although there is no report of extensively drug-resistant strains. As to hospital-acquired pathogens, about a third of E. coli and Klebsiella isolates are ESBL-producers, and half of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are resistant to oxacillin (MRSA). Around 40% Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates are resistant to ceftazidime, imipenem or levofloxacin. Although community-acquired MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and other resistance problems found in developed countries, are not as common in Mexico, local issues are no small concern, and are disturbingly moving towards outpatients.

scholarly journals Inequity in International Climate Change Negotiations

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-177
Author(s):  
Serge Silatsa Nanda ◽  
Omar Samba ◽  
Ahmad Sahide
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Change Negotiations ◽  
Climate Agreements ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
International Climate Agreements ◽  
International Climate

The adoption of international climate agreements requires thorough negotiation between parties. This study aims to analyse the inequities between developed and developing countries in climate negotiations. This was done through a scrutiny of the main stages of these negotiations from the Rio Conference to the advent of the Paris Agreement. Our analysis has shown pervasive inequities along the climate negotiations over time. The UNFCCC made a qualitative separation between developed and developing countries in the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Furthermore, the Kyoto Protocol emphasized this with the commitment of developed countries to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5%. The Kyoto Protocol by introducing flexibility mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) contributed to increase inequalities. The Paris Agreement has increased inequity by requesting each country to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) even though the global emission of developing countries remains very low. The negotiation style of developing countries is mostly limited to compromise and accommodation to the desires of the powerful states, as is the case in most international cooperation. The reality of the climate change negotiations mirrors the inequalities between developed and developing nations.

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