scholarly journals Macrobiological Degradation of Esterified Wood with Sorbitol and Citric Acid

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Treu ◽  
Lina Nunes ◽  
Erik Larnøy
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Marine Applications

There is a need for new solutions in wood protection against marine wood borers and termites in Europe. A new solution could be the esterification of wood with sorbitol and citric acid (SCA) since these are inexpensive and readily available feedstock chemicals and have shown protective properties against fungal wood degradation in earlier studies and prevented macrobiological degradation, as shown in this study. Protection of wood products in the marine environment lacks available wood preservatives that are approved for marine applications. Termite infestation is opposed mainly by biocide treatments of wood. Several wood modification systems show high resistance against both marine borers and subterranean termites. However, the existing commercialized wood modification products are costly. Both macrobiological forms of degradation represent a great threat for most European wood species, which are rapidly and severely degraded if not properly treated. This study investigated esterified wood in standard field trials against marine wood borers, and against subterranean termites in laboratory trials in a no-choice and choice test. The treatment showed good resistance against wood borers in the marine environment after one season and against subterranean termites in the laboratory after eight weeks. The low termite survival rate (SR) in the no-choice test during the first week of testing indicates a mode of action that is incomparable to other wood modification treatments.

scholarly journals Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 10161-10184 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Marine Applications

Timber structures in marine applications are often exposed to severe degradation conditions caused by mechanical loads and wood-degrading organisms. This paper presents the use of timber in marine environments in Europe from a wood protection perspective. It discusses the use of wood in coastline protection and archeological marine wood, reviews the marine borer taxa in European waters, and gives an overview of potential solutions for protection of timber in marine environments. Information was compiled from the most relevant literature sources with an emphasis on new wood protection methods; the need for research and potential solutions are discussed. Traditionally, timber has been extensively utilized in a variety of marine applications. Although there is a strong need for developing new protection systems for timber in marine applications, the research in this field has been scarce for many years. New attempts to protect timber used in marine environments in Europe have mainly focused on wood modification and the use of mechanical barriers to prevent colonization of marine wood borers. The importance of understanding the mechanisms of settlement, migration, boring, and digestion of the degrading organisms is key for developing effective systems for protecting timber in marine environments.

scholarly journals Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 10161-10184
Author(s):  
Andreas Treu ◽  
Katrin Zimmer ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Erik Larnøy ◽  
Lone Ross Gobakken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Marine Applications

Timber structures in marine applications are often exposed to severe degradation conditions caused by mechanical loads and wood-degrading organisms. This paper presents the use of timber in marine environments in Europe from a wood protection perspective. It discusses the use of wood in coastline protection and archeological marine wood, reviews the marine borer taxa in European waters, and gives an overview of potential solutions for protection of timber in marine environments. Information was compiled from the most relevant literature sources with an emphasis on new wood protection methods; the need for research and potential solutions are discussed. Traditionally, timber has been extensively utilized in a variety of marine applications. Although there is a strong need for developing new protection systems for timber in marine applications, the research in this field has been scarce for many years. New attempts to protect timber used in marine environments in Europe have mainly focused on wood modification and the use of mechanical barriers to prevent colonization of marine wood borers. The importance of understanding the mechanisms of settlement, migration, boring, and digestion of the degrading organisms is key for developing effective systems for protecting timber in marine environments.

scholarly journals Humin based resin for wood modification and property improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2786-2798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sangregorio ◽  
Anitha Muralidhara ◽  
Nathanael Guigo ◽  
Lisbeth G. Thygesen ◽  
Guy Marlair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Sugar Conversion

Focus on humins, a co-product from sugar conversion, to highlight their capacity to impregnate wood cell walls for making durable wood products.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds for Wood Protection against Fungi—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3538
Author(s):  
Magdalena Broda
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
Natural Preservatives ◽  
New Generation

Wood is a renewable, versatile material with multiple applications and the largest terrestrial pool of sequestered carbon. However, it is susceptible to degradation, mainly caused by wood-decaying fungi. Since several traditional wood preservatives have been banned owing to their detrimental effects on humans and the environment, extending the lifespan of wood products using new generation natural preservatives is an imperative from the perspectives of human health and environmental protection. Several natural compounds of plant and animal origin have been tested for their fungicidal properties, including essential oils, tannins, wood extractives, alkaloids, propolis or chitosan; and their enormous potential in wood protection has been shown. Although they are not free of limitations, the potential methods to overcome their drawbacks and enhance their bioactivity already exist, such as co-impregnation with different polymers, cross-linkers, metal chelators or antioxidants. The presence of the discrepancies between laboratory tests and the field performance, as well as legislation-related problems resulting from the lack of standards defining the quality and performance of natural protective formulations, however, create an urgent need for further thorough research and arrangements. The collaboration with other industries interested in the utilisation of natural active compounds will reduce the associated costs, thus, will facilitate the successful implementation of alternative antifungal agents.

Markets, Products and Technology in the 21st Century – A Canadian Solid Wood Products Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert T. Schuler ◽  
Jamie K. Meil
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
The Future ◽  
Product Technology ◽  
Wood Products Industry ◽  
Conversion Technologies

This paper explores trends in the future development of the Canadian wood products industry in relation to technology, products and markets. Our analysis suggests that the wood products industry of the future may be characterized by: smaller economic units; vertical and horizontal integration to better utilize the resource and add value; market diversification; large multinational corporations; shift from commodities to engineered wood products; resource neutral conversion and product technology; shift from structural to semistructural applications and a move to more environmentally acceptable products and conversion technologies such as biocontrol for wood protection and preservation and energy-self sufficient mills. Key words: Markets, solid wood products industry, technology, competitive position.

scholarly journals Study of Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Perna viridis through Food Pathway and Its Decontamination

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Octavin Exaudina ◽  
Wahyu Retno Prihatiningsih ◽  
Heny Suseno ◽  
Budiawan Budiawan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
Cadmium Bioaccumulation

Seafood can be contaminated by heavy metals that contained in seawater and the source of food that marine biotas eats. Cadmium is one of the contaminants found in the marine environment. Bioaccumulation studies via foood pathway were complement previous studies through the seawater pathway. This study also made an effort to biologically decontaminate cadmium using acetic acid and citric acid. The experimental results showed the total bioaccumulation ability of Cd by Perna viridis was 74.01. Cd decontamination which accumulates in the Perna viridis decreases the level up to 21% 

scholarly journals BIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF Annona glabra L. SEED EXTRACTS FOR WOOD PROTECTION AGAINST TERMITES (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. AND Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Trisna Priadi ◽  
Nurul Chotimah ◽  
Agus Ismanto
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Bioactive Substance ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Annona Glabra ◽  
Paper Disc ◽  
Seed Extracts

Pond apple (Annona glabra L.) belongs to the family of Annonaceae. The seed of A. glabra contains bioactive substance that is toxic to some organisms, however the effectiveness to control wood degrading termites has not yet been scientifically reported.  This research analyzes the efficacy of A. glabra seed extract to wood degrading termites. Seed extraction was conducted using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The paper disc test showed that the extract of A. glabra is toxic to Cryptotermes cynocephalus (dry-wood termites) and Coptotermes curvignathus (subterranean termites). The higher extract concentration (up to 63%) resulted in a higher termite mortality (up to 100%) and lower weight loss of paper sample (less than 1%).  Ethyl acetate extract of A. glabra seeds has a better toxicity effect than n-hexane extract against dry wood termites and subterranean termites.

scholarly journals Production of Conidia by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Against Coptotermes sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Deni Zulfiana ◽  
Apriwi Zulfitri ◽  
Anis Sri Lestari ◽  
Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti ◽  
Dita Meisyara
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Fermentation Method

Entomopathogenic fungi have the potential to infect most arthropods including termites which are economically important major insects pest of wood, wood products and building structures. However, the application of this fungus in the field has not shown satisfactory results yet, one of which is constrained in mass production of conidia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 16 types of biodegradable products and waste as substrates for mass production of conidia using solid state fermentation method and two types of inoculum namely solid and liquid inoculum. Toxicity tests were carried out on subterranean termites (Coptotermes sp.) based on JIS K 1571, 2010. The parameters observed were the number and dry weight of the conidia produced, conidial viability, nutrient content of the substrate, and percentage of termite mortality. The results showed that rice, sorghum and corn were the best media for the growth of entomopathogenic fungi based on the number of conidia and dry weight of the conidia produced. Metarhizium sp. T4.B23 produced the highest number of conidia, 1.12 x 1011 conidia/100 g substrate and yielded 180.9 ± 0.623 g dry conidia/kg of rice; followed by Metarhizium sp. B2.2 grown on sorghum that resulted in 1.11 x 1010 conidia/100 g substrates and 8 ± 0.570 g /kg sorghum; and B. bassiana produced 8.3 x 109 conidia/100 g substrate and 31.24 ± 0.407 gr/ kg sorghum. Metarhizium sp. B2.2 showed the highest toxicity to termites with 100% mortality was observed within the second day of testing. Therefore the conidia of Metahizium sp. B2.2 is potential to be developed as a biopesticide using rice or sorghum substrate as a carrier.

Influence of Different Modifications on Bending Strength of Wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Andis Antons ◽  
Dace Cīrule ◽  
Ingeborga Andersone ◽  
Anrijs Verovkins ◽  
Edgars Kuka
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
Modified Wood

Despite intensive research in wood protection, no simple wood treatment method is available for satisfactory wood protection that could ensure appropriate strength and bio-resistance of wood products during their service life. The present study is a part of a project that is aimed to improve wood service properties by combining wood thermal treatment and impregnation with copper containing preservatives. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of conventional modifications (thermal modification at relatively mild temperature range (150 - 180°C) and impregnation) and double-treatments (impregnation after thermal treatment and vice versa) on the bending properties of birch (Betula spp.) and pine (Pinussylvestris L.) wood. Bending strength considerably decreased after thermal modification of wood, however MOE values generally did not significantly change. Moreover, impregnation had no effect on the bending properties for both unmodified and thermally modified wood specimens. For double-treatment in which impregnation was carried out before thermal modification no changes in bending strength were observed comparing to thermally modified wood. However, MOE values of these specimens were 10 % for birch and 19 % for pine smaller comparing to just thermally modified wood. The results of double-treatment tests imply that, regarding wood bending properties, wood impregnation after thermal modification is more appropriate.

scholarly journals The Effects of Trichoderma Fungi on the Tunneling, Aggregation, and Colony-Initiation Preferences of Black-Winged Subterranean Termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Termitidae)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong ◽  
Cai ◽  
Chen ◽  
Liang ◽  
Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Trichoderma Hamatum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Trichoderma Fungi ◽  
Aggregation Behaviors ◽  
Odontotermes Formosanus

The black-winged subterranean termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a severe pest of plantations and forests in China. This termite cultures symbiotic Termitomyces in the fungal combs, which are challenged by antagonistic microbes such as Trichoderma fungi. In a previous study we showed that O. formosanus workers made significantly fewer tunnels in sand containing commercially formulated conidia of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries compared with untreated sand. Herein, we hypothesize that fungi in the genus Trichoderma exert repellent effects on O. formosanus. Different choice tests were conducted to evaluate the tunneling and aggregation behaviors of O. formosanus workers reacting to sand/soil containing the unformulated conidia of seven Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma koningii Oud., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Trichoderma hamatum (Bon.) Bain, Trichoderma atroviride Karsten, Trichoderma spirale Indira and Kamala, and T. viride). We also investigated the colony-initiation preference of paired O. formosanus adults to soil treated with Trichoderma conidia (T. koningii or T. longibrachiatum) versus untreated soil. Tunneling-choice tests showed that sand containing conidia of nearly all Trichoderma fungi tested (except T. harzianum) significantly decreased tunneling activity in O. formosanus workers compared with untreated sand. Aggregation-choice test showed that T. koningii, T. atroviride and T. spirale repelled O. formosanus workers, whereas T. longibrachiatum and T. hamatum attracted termites. There was no significant difference in proportions of paired adults that stayed and laid eggs in the soil blocks treated with conidia of Trichoderma fungi and untreated ones. Our study showed that Trichoderma fungi generally repelled tunneling in O. formosanus, but may exert varied effects on aggregation preference by workers.

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